U N D E R S TA N D I N G A N D I D E N T I F Y I N G I S S U E S A B O U T:

C L I M AT E C H A N G E
Instr. Jeremiah G. Pedral
 C L I M AT E

• is the average course or

condition of the weather at a
place usually over a period of
years as exhibited by
temperature, wind velocity,
and amount of precipitation.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary
C L I M AT E

• defined as, the expected

weather patterns, conditions
and predictions specific to
every region in each
continent of the world on the
course of a lifetime.

National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2012)

5 FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G
C L I M AT E

• Altitude Affects how the temperature could drop

• Latitude Solar Energy (unbalance distribution in a specific region)

• Earth’s topological features

• oceans and large lakes air

• Earth’s winds flow or warm and cold air masses/

pollutions

National Academies of Science,

Engineering and Medicine (2012)

C L I M AT E V S W E AT H E R

• Weather is the daily atmospheric condition in a region

and can change in just a few hours this is what is
typically being shown in news reports

• Climate is a long term weather condition in a specific

region and does not normally change in the course of
time

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

W H AT A R E S O M E A C T I V I T I E S T H AT C A U S E S
D I S R U P T I O N O F G L O B A L C L I M AT E ?

industrialization and energy generation

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
V E G E TAT I O N A N D L I V E S T O C K M A I N T E N A N C E

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
 STRONGER AND MORE FREQUENT
TYPHOONS, HURRICANES AND STORMS

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
 M E LT I N G O F P O L A R I C E C A P S , I N C R E A S I N G
SEA LEVEL

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
 LONGER DROUGHT SEASONS
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
 S U D D E N C H A N G E I N W E AT H E R PAT T E R N S

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
GLOBAL WARMING

• series of increase in surface temperature

contributing to phenomena such as the melting of ice
caps, heavier rainstorms, stronger and more frequent
typhoon recurrences and longer drought seasons.

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
F A C T O R S A F F E C T I N G C L I M AT E C H A N G E

• Natural phenomena (Volcanic eruptions and Radiative

or Solar forcing)

• Human induced changes (Massive deforestation,

emission of greenhouse gases by various activities,
improper waste disposals)

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A : V O L C A N I C E R U P T I O N S

• The Mt. Pinatubo

eruption in June 12,
1991 distributed
tremendous amount
of sulfur dioxide in
the stratosphere
amounting to
approximately 20
million tons.
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A : V O L C A N I C E R U P T I O N S

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A : R A D I AT I V E O R S O L A R F O R C I N G

• Solar forcing - is the change in the total energy

received and the total Infrared emission of the Earth
to space measured by having some other climate forcing
constant like the atmospheric greenhouse gas
concentration.

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A : R A D I AT I V E O R S O L A R F O R C I N G

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

N AT U R A L P H E N O M E N A : R A D I AT I V E O R S O L A R F O R C I N G

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

H U M A N I N D U C E D C L I M AT E C H A N G E

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

H U M A N I N D U C E D C L I M AT E C H A N G E : E M I S S I O N O F C F C ’ S

Show Chlorine radical formation mechanism from

CFCs and ozone depleting action.

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

H U M A N I N D U C E D C L I M AT E C H A N G E : E M I S S I O N O F C F C ’ S

The carbon footprint of 73 countries and 14 world

regions have been measured by a study conducted by
Edgar Hertwich and Glen Peters last 2009 in terms of
construction, shelter, food, mobility, clothing,
manufactured products, services and trade.

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

H U M A N I N D U C E D C L I M AT E C H A N G E : E M I S S I O N O F C F C ’ S

Carbon footprint is defined as the amount of

greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide emitted
as a consequence of food and services production
for final consumption as well as emissions due to the
consumption of these products itself

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

H U M A N I N D U C E D C L I M AT E C H A N G E : K A I N G I N

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E
• Ecosystem (e.g Ocean Acidification)

• Agriculture and food production (shifting of crop weeds, pests and diseases leading to
low crop yields in different regions)

• Human health (issues on the increase in the occurrences of epidemics, superbugs, and
new disease causing bacterial strains)

• meteorological aspects (strength and frequency of storms in the Philippines and as well
as the amount of precipitation the country receives that is above the monthly normal)

• Economy (carbon emissions attributed to the need of every developing country and for
the expansion of income generating activities )

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.

I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : O C E A N
A C I D I F I C AT I O N
Excessive ocean based carbon
dioxide absorption could lead
to the decrease of pH, which
consequently decreases the
accessibility of carbonate ions
(CO3 ) essential for the
2-

formation of coral reef walls

which is formed by the
saturation of shell-forming
minerals such as Calcium ions
(Ca ) dissolved in sea water.
2+
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : C R O P Y I E L D
REDUCTION

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : C R O P Y I E L D
REDUCTION

•From the estimate of the Philippine Department of Environment and

Natural resources, doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide will
increase the the annual rainfall rate by 60 to a 100 percent in
Western Visayas, Southern Tagalog Region and Metro Manila
(DENR, 1999). An increase of up to 50% was predicted as well in Luzon,
Samar and Central and middle parts of Mindanao. Aside from
increases in rainfall percentage, there is also predicted decrease in
the amount of precipitation in the northern and eastern Mindanao
(DENR, 1999).
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : M E T E O R O L O G I C A L
ASPECT

between the years 1948 to

2009 more tropical cyclones
and full scale typhoons
enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) occur
in July averaging to 204
Tropical Cyclones 96 of
which are full scale
Typhoons.
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : H U M A N H E A LT H

Warmer and wetter conditions also encourage the spawn of diseases carrying
mosquitoes that could potentially deliver West Nile virus, Dengue fever,
Chikungunya and Malaria.
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : H U M A N H E A LT H

Although there is no enough statistics, it is deemed that

rodent population increases, with farmers reporting
killing approximately 800 rats in their rice fields every
night. Increase in rodent population calls for the
continuous reminder of the Philippine Department of
Health about the dangers of leptospirosis, brought by
the bacterium Leptospira spirochetes.
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : H U M A N H E A LT H

Statistically it was verified that during the occurrence of

Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng (Ketsana and Parma
respectively) hospital admissions spiked to 2,272 of
which 174 are reported deaths between October 1
and November 3, 2009.

Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
I M PA C T S O F C L I M AT E C H A N G E : E C O N O M I C G R O W T H

damages on agriculture, such as

agricultural crops, livestock,
fisheries and agricultural facilities
during the occurrence of
Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng
amounted to roughly 27 billion
nationwide. Consequently, during
this period the growth rate of the
nations’ GDP decreased by 0.2
to 0.6 percent.
Labana, R.V., Reboa, A.J.C., Pedral, J.G., Bautista, A.C. (2019), Science, Technology and Society, MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
THINK IT THROUGH!

1. Based from the discussion, do you believe that Climate

change is a natural phenomena or is it a consequence of
Human negligence?

2. In what area of our Society is negatively impacted the most by

Climate change?

3. A student taking up a course of Science and Engineering,

what steps could you do to help fight the effects of Global
warming?

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Perez, R. T. (2009), Climate change in the Philippines, Symposium on the Economics of Climate
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