1.

Of all the chromosomal disorders, abnormalities in chromosome number are the most obviously
identifiable from a Karyotype and are referred to as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is a conditions in which
she or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number ,but not a complete
set to be more specific ,the loss of a single chromosome from a diploid genome is called
monomy.The gain of one chromosome is called trisomy. They are caused by nondisjunction, which
occurs when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromates fail to separate during meiosis.

2. Self-perpetuation, the capability of something to cause itself to continue to exist, is one of the
main characteristics of life. Organism’s capability of reproduction leads to self-perpetuation of the
species, if not to the individual. Populations self-perpetuate and grow.Entire ecosystem show
homeostasis and thus perpetuate themselves. The slow modifying effect of succession and similar
shifts in the composition of the system can,however,not be neglected in the long run.Overall life's
objects capabilities of self-perpetuation are always accompanied by evolution, a perfect steady state
of the biological system is never reached. In social context ,self-perpetuation is tied to reflexivity and
positive feedback loops to overcome strong prior beliefs,strong evidence to the contrary is needed.