NASH SAMBO WEEK 1&2

XI-CAPRICORN

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

QUARTER 4
WHAT I KNOW
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
is a method of reproduction that does not include gamete fusion or chromosomal number changes.
Asexually reproduced offspring from either unicellular or multicellular organisms acquire the whole set
of genes of their single parent.
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (such as a sperm or egg
cell) with a single set of chromosomes (haploid) combines with another to produce a zygote that
develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes
3. FISSION
 in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to
separate entities resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may
also refer to how organisms, bodies, populations, or species split into discrete parts. in biology, is the
division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities
resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may also refer to how
organisms, bodies, populations, or species split into discrete parts.
4. FRAGMENTATION
The process of fragmentation—breaking into pieces or being separated into parts—is most commonly
referred to as fragmentation. It can also refer to the state or outcome of being split or broken up.
5. BUDDING
A form of Asexual reproduction  a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from
some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. In some species buds may be produced
from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialized areas.
6. SPORULATION
under difficult environmental circumstances, refers to the production of spores from vegetative cells. As
such, it may be seen as as an adaptive reaction that permits an organism to live in the face of adversity
(radiation, extreme heat or cold, lack of nutrition etc).
7. ISOGAMY
a reproductive system where all gametes are morphologically similar, particularly in terms of size, and
there is no separation into male and female gametes.
8. HETEROGAMY
Heterogamy is a type of sexual reproduction, observed when the gametes are of two different sizes.
Usually, the female is larger while the male is smaller. Also, the number of male gametes is more so
that there is an increase in the competition and makes fertilization likely.
9. BISEXUAL REPRODDUCTION
 The condition of an organism capable of producing both male and female gametes.
10. DEVELOPMENT
is the science that investigates how a variety of interacting processes generate an organism’s
heterogeneous shapes, size, and structural features that arise on the trajectory from embryo to adult,
or more generally throughout a life cycle.
11. HAPLOID
The quality of a cell of a organism having a set of chromosomes.
12. DIPLOID
A cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent.
13. GAMETOGENESIS
Gametogenesis is the production of gametes from haploid precursor cells. In animals and higher
plants, two morphologically distinct types of gametes are produced (male and female) via distinct
differentiation programs.
14. FERTLIZATION
The union of the two gametes.
15. CLEAVAGE
The first few cellular division of a zygote.
16. GASTRULATION
defined as an early developmental process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional
layer of epithelial cells (blastula) and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure
called the gastrula.
17. OGANOGENESIS
the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a
complete organ in the developing embryo. The cells of an organ-forming region undergo differential
development and movement to form an organ primordium, or anlage.
18. GROWTH
the irreversible increase of an organism's size over a given period. It may also be defined as one of the
characteristics of a living thing. In biology, “biological growth” is associated with progressive
development.
19. FOLICULAR PHASE
the longest step in the menstrual cycle, lasting from the first day of a period to ovulation, meaning the
release of the egg. This critical step in the development of an egg pre-fertilization (meaning penetrative
sex), and can last between 11 and 27 days.
20. OVULATION
The release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle.

WHAT’S NEW
 1. Asexual reproduction
 Generates offspring from a single parent
Sexual reproduction
 Two parents contribution genetic information to produce unique offspring

2. Identify the types of asexual reproduction and gives examples.

Types of asexual reproduction examples
1. Budding Bacteria, yeast, sea anemones
2. Fragmentation Fungi, Molds, Sea stars
3. Fission Bacillus Subtilis

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Number of Parent involved 1 2
gametes
Gametes 0 2 haploid
Genetic composition of Identical to the parent Contains half of thhe genes off
offspring each parent

WHAT’S MORE
TYPES OF LIFE CYCLE DESCRIPTION
1. Haplontic life cycle refers to a type of life cycle with a dominant haploid
stage. Haplontic is a kind of life cycle in Biology
where the zygote takes the lead, meaning, zygotes
are the only diploid cell. It divides itself mitotically in
order to give rise to a brand new plant.
2. Diplontic life cycle diplontic life cycle, the majority of the organism's life
is spent with most of the cells in the body being
diploid. The only cells that have half the number of
chromosomes, or are haploid, are the gametes (sex
cells). Most organisms that have a diplontic life cycle
start from the fusion of two haploid gametes.
3. Diplobiontic life cycle The organism exhibits alternation of generations,
which features spore-producing multicellular
sporophytes (which are diploid) and gamete-
producing multicellular gametophytes (which are
haploid).

LESSON 2
WHAT’S NEW
1. Nutrient
are substances the body needs for energy, building materials, and control of body processes. There
are six major classes of nutrients based on biochemical properties: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
water, vitamins, and minerals.
2. Autotrophs
autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other
chemicals. Because autotrophs produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers. 6 - 12+
Biology, Ecology.
3. Heterotrophs
heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients. The term stems
from the Greek words hetero for “other” and trophe for “nourishment.” Organisms are characterized into
two broad categories based upon how they obtain their energy and nutrients: autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
4. Symplast route
It contains the complete network of the cytoplasm of plant cells that are connected by plasmodesmata.
Symplast is considered as the living part of the plant tissue without the presence of cell wall and
intercellular spaces in it. The pathway created by the symplast is called as symplastic or the symplastic
pathway.
5. Apoplasts route
apoplast refers to the space formed in between the cells thereby creating a pathway through which
materials may diffuse freely. The apoplast is comprised of non-living components, particularly cell walls
and intercellular material.
6. Root hairs
Roots hairs are cylindrical extensions of root epidermal cells that are important for acquisition of
nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage
7. Root nodules
Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-
fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a
host-specific strain of bacteria known as rhizobia.
8. Mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza)
Mycorrhizae (singular: mycorrhiza) are mutualisms formed between fungi and plant roots.
9. Calorie
unit of heat energy that is equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1 degree Centigrade at 1 atmospheric pressure.
10. Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy. Like
most organic compounds, carbohydrates are built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each
other to make a larger molecule. In the case of carbohydrates, the small repeating units are called
monosaccharides.

11. Proteins
 A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues
joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential
biological compounds such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
12. Fats
Fats are a subgroup of compounds known as lipids that are found in the body and have the general
property of being hydrophobic (meaning they are insoluble in water)
13. Amino acids
Amino acids are a set of 20 different molecules used to build proteins. Proteins consist of one or more
chains of amino acids called polypeptides. The sequence of the amino acid chain causes the
polypeptide to fold into a shape that is biologically active. The amino acid sequences of proteins are
encoded in the genes.
14. Fatty acids
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the
body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid
molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
15. Phagocytosis
The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign
substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.
16. Pinocytosis
a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis,
the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-
bound vesicles contained within the cell.
17. Digestive system
digestive system is a group of organs consisting of the central gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its
associated accessory organs that break down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be
absorbed and assimilated.
18. Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a general term describing a process by which cells absorb external material by
engulfing it with the cell membrane. Endocytosis is usually subdivided into pinocytosis and
phagocytosis.
19. Ingestion
Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by
taking in a substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or
drinking. In single-celled organisms ingestion takes place by absorbing a substance through the cell
membrane.
20. Digestion
digestion, sequence by which food is broken down and chemically converted so that it can be absorbed
by the cells of an organism and used to maintain vital bodily functions.
21. Absorption
The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the
body.
22. Elimination
the act of discharging or excreting waste products from the body. b : the removal from a molecule of
the constituents of a simpler molecule ethylene is formed by the elimination of water from ethanol.
WHAT’S NEW
LETTER PART OF THE PLANT FFUNCTIO OF JOB
A Side root To hold the plant in soil
B stem Support for an elevation of leave, flower, ad
roots.
C Leaves To produced food for the plant by
photosynthesis.
D Flower For the purpose of reproduction
E
F Primary root To absorb water and dissolves minerals in the
soil
G
WHAT’S MORE
WHAT I’VE LEARNED
1. A. NITROGEN
 Leaf growth is not increasing, plant doesn’t bloom in formation.
B. PHOSPHORS

 The development of flowers, fruits, and roots are on the bad/terrible side.
C. POTASSIUM
 Chlorosis between leaf veins
2. VENUS FLY TRAP
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on
the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina.[4] It catches its prey—
chiefly insects and arachnids—with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the
plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner
surfaces.
When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snap-
ping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. Triggers
may occur with a tenth of a second of contact.[5] The requirement of redundant triggering in this mecha-
nism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and
the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of
consumption.
3. Microvilli, the cells in the villi are packed full of like tiny hairlike structures called microvilli, which helps
increase the surface of individual cell.
4. All these Chemicals/ Ingridients remain inactive until they are released into the lumen.
5. -Mucus cells
-Parietal
-Chief cells
-Edocrine