Newton s Laws of Motion

1. If no external force is present, an object which is at rest will remain at rest, a moving object will keep on moving at a constant speed in a straight line (constant velocity).

Stationery Object:

Moving object where  , object will keep on moving in a straight line at a constant velocity as there is no resultant force = no acceleration.

Inertia is the reluctance of a body to change its speed. A moving object:

Momentum = mass x velocity P = mv m=kg v=ms-1 P= kgms-1

A force on an object is a change of momentum over a certain amount of time:

Deviation of Newton s 2nd law

2. The acceleration of a body of mass m is directly proportional to the force applied to it and acts in the same direction.

3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction *Reinterpretation of first law.

Vs.

Terminal Velocity

1) The parachutist has just jumped out of the aircraft, and is falling faster and faster ("accelerating").
As her speed increases, the air resistance increases. 2) The parachutist is now falling fast enough for the air resistance to equal her weight. This means that the forces on her are in balance, so her speed stops increasing and stays constant - she has reached her terminal velocity. (Around 120 mph in this position - she can fall faster if she leans forward to go head first.) 3) Time to open the parachute. This dramatically increases the air resistance, so the parachutist slows down greatly ("decelerates"). For a few seconds, the air resistance is greater than her weight. As she decelerates, the air resistance decreases. 4) She's slowed down, and now the forces are back in balance. Her speed is constant again - she has a new, much slower, terminal velocity 5) On the ground, her speed immediately drops to zero. Her weight downwards equals the ground's push upwards, so there she stays.

Example 1: A very soft lump of plasticene of mass 50g is thrown horizontally against a wall such that it
strikes the wall at a velocity of 12 m/s. The plasticene sticks to the wall. If the lump exerts an average force of 3N on the wall determine its time of impact.
 

Example 2: A parachutist jumps off an aircraft. Her total mass is 58 kg.

a) What is her initial acceleration? b) At one point during her descend; the air resistance on her parachute is a third of her total weight. What is her acceleration at this point? c) What happens when the air resistance on her parachute becomes equal to her total weight? d) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the parachutist from the moment she jumps off the aircraft to the moment it reaches the ground.

Conservation of Momentum
For a collision occurring between 2 objects, the total momentum of the 2 objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the 2 objects after collision. Proof that T.M.B = T.M.A:

Let m1 hit m2 with a force of 10N By Newton s 3rd law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.   Let force by m1 on m2 = F1 Let force by m2 on m1 = F2 So F1 = -F2


Since F1 = -F2 : F1 x t = -F2 x t m1 v1 - m1u1 = - (m2 v2 m2u2) change in momentum1 = change in momentum2 Momentum is conserved Also : m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collision
Elastic Collision (meet and Exit : like 2 billiard balls)
By definition: Kinetic Energy in Elastic Collisions is conserved.

Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collision m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 Kinetic Energy is conserved: ( m1u12) +( m2u22 )=( m1 v12 ) +( m2 v22) Kinetic Energy Before=Kinetic Energy After

Inelastic Collisions
By definition: Kinetic Energy in Inelastic Collisions is NOT conserved

Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collision m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v Kinetic Energy is NOT conserved: ( m1u12) +( m2u22 )  (m1 + m2) v2 Kinetic Energy Before Kinetic Energy After

K. is conserved in lastic Collisions K.E. is not conserved in Inelastic Collisions

Example 3: Elastic Collisions

In a game of pool, the cue ball weighing 0.17 kg is sent with a velocity of 0.2m/s. It hits a stationery red ball of mass 0.15 kg. If all the energy is transferred from the cue ball to the red ball, with what speed will the red ball reach the pocket. (Assume there are no frictional forces )

Example 4: Elastic Collisions ( Exercise 4, from book pg 69 question 8)

Explosion
V1 u =0 m/s u =0 m/s V2

M1

M2

M1

M2

Total Momentum before = Total Momentum After 0 = (m1 v1) + (m2 x -v2) 0 = m1 v1 - m2 v2

Example 5 : A sniper rifle has a mass of 13.62kg. It can fire bullets with velocities of 853ms-1. If it
shoots a bullet of mass 84.2g. What is its recoil velocity?

Example 6: An aeroplane s velocity is doubled.

a) What happens to it s momentum? b) Is the law of conservation of momentum obeyed? Give a reason for your answer. c) What happens to it s kinetic energy? d) Is the law of conservation of energy obeyed? Give a reason for your answer.

a) P = mv
       

b) Yes, momentum is conserved. The gain in momentum of the plane is balanced by an equal gain in momentum of the ejected gasses ( air + exhaust) in the opposite direction. c) K.E. = mv2
 = m(2v)2

Kinetic energy x 4 since new velocity is squared. d) Yes, extra Kinetic energy resulted from an extra conversion of chemical energy resulting from the extra amount of burnt fuel.

Example 7: A 40kg skater travelling at 4m/s overtakes (collides with) a 60kg skater travelling at 2m/s in the same direction. Assuming the 2 skaters remain in contact after the encounter determine:
a) The final velocity of the composite body (inelastic) b) The loss in Kinetic energy If the 2 skaters had been travelling in opposite directions, collided head on and remained in contact determine : c) The final velocity d) The loss in Kinetic Energy