MOMENTUM

MOMENTUM
 In physics, the term momentum describes an object’s
resistance to stopping.
 Momentum is a vector quantity.
 Momentum is a conserved quantity
 A net force is required to change a body’s momentum.
 Momentum is directly proportional to both mass and
speed.
 Something big and slow could have the same momentum
as something small and fast.
 Its magnitude is measured as the product of the object’s
mass and velocity.
 General formula:

p=mv
momentum = mass x velocity
kg•m/s = kg x m/s
p = kg•m/s
P = (5 kg)(9m/s Cos 26O)
= 40.45 kg*m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1) A 295-kg motorcycle moves at a velocity of 85
m/s. What is its momentum?
2) What is the velocity of a 1200 kg car that has a
momentum of 30, 000 kg•m/s?
3) What is the mass of Truck moving at a velocity
of 65 m/s with a momentum of 3, 000 kg•m/s?
4) What is the momentum of a 23 Kg cannon
shell going 530 m/s?
5) What speed must a 5 Kg object go to have 24
Kgm/s of momentum?
IMPULSE
 Is the product of the force and the time it takes for the
force to be applied.
 I = F t shows why the SI unit for impulse is the Newton ·
second. There is no special name for this unit, but it is
equivalent to a kg · m /s.
proof: 1 N · s = 1 (kg · m /s2) (s) = 1 kg · m /s
 Therefore, impulse and momentum have the same units,
which leads to a useful theorem.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1) How much impulse does a 10-N force produce if it is
applied in 0.05 s?
2) What is the impulse imparted by a rocket that exerts 4.8
N for 1.63 seconds?
3) For what time must you exert a force of 45 N to get an
impulse of 16 N•s?
4) What force exerted over 6 seconds gives you an
impulse of 64 N•s?
5) A force of 56.0 N acts on a 25,000g body for 12.1 s.
What is the impulse?
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM
 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem states that the
change in Momentum of an object equals the Impulse
applied to it.
 Impulse and momentum are related to each other as
stated in the Impulse-Momentum Theorem. This can be
derived using Newton’s second law.
 The impulse due to all forces acting on an object (the net
force) is equal to the change in momentum of the object:
 Fnet t =  p or I =  p
 Fnet t = m a t = m ( v / t) t = m  v =  p
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1) A 1500-kg car moving east speeds up uniformly from
5.0m/s to 30.0 m/s in 8.0 s. What constant force acts on
the car during this time?
2) A 0.80-kg object at rest is given a force of 4.0 N during a
time interval of 3 minutes, What is the velocity of the
object at the end of this time interval?
3) A rocket engine exerts a force of 500 N on a space probe
for 5 seconds. The probe speeds up from rest to a speed of
21 m/s. What is its mass?
4) A 25,000-g body accelerates from 3.25 m/s to 9.75 m/s in
5 minutes when a force acts upon it. Find (a) the change
in momentum, (b) the impulse produced by the force, and
(c) the magnitude of the force.
 What average force is required to push a 20-kg
stroller with your toddler in it for 5 seconds if
the  weight of the toddler is 15 kg? Suppose that
you can push with a speed of 1 m/s and the
stroller is initially at rest.
 A 0.05-kg soccer ball is heading toward a wall
with a speed of 20 meters per second. After
hitting the wall, the ball bounces back with a
speed of 25 meters per second. The ball was in
contact with the wall for 0.003 second. What is
the average force the wall exerted on the ball?
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
 States that For a collision occurring between object 1
and object 2 in an isolated system, the
total momentum of the two objects before the collision
is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after
the collision.
 Experiment proved that momentum could be conserved.
This means that the total momentum of any set of objects
remains the same unless outside forces act on the
objects.
 Therefore, while the momentum of each object involved
in the collision changes, the total momentum of the
system remains constant.
 It is represented as:
pbefore = pafter

 For collision of two objects, it is represented as:

p1 + p2 = p1’ + p2’
Where:
p1 = momentum of the first object before collision
p2 = momentum of the second object before collision
p1’ = momentum of the first object after collision
p2’ = momentum of the second object after collision
COLLISION
 is the interaction that occurs when two or more objects
hit each other.
 in any type of collision, the total momentum remains
constant.
TYPES OF COLLISIONS
ELASTIC COLLISIONS
 also called perfectly elastic collision
 are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved.
 the total system kinetic energy before the collision equals the
total system kinetic energy after the collision.
 the two objects bounce after the collision, and they move
separately.
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1) A 0.02-kg ball moving to the right at 0.25 m/s makes an
elastic head-on collision with a 0.04-kg ball moving to
the left at 0.15 m/s. After the collision, the smaller ball
moves to the left at 0.16 m/s. What is the velocity of
the 0.04-kg ball after collision?
2) Determine the unknown velocity value. Assume that
the collision occur in an isolated system.
INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 is one where the final kinetic energy of
the system is less than the initial kinetic
energy.
 the two objects deform during collision,
and the total kinetic energy decreases,
but the objects move separately after the
collision.
 some of this kinetic energy is lost to
some other forms such as heat, sound,
etc.
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS
 Collision in which the object stick together afterward,
thus a maximum amount of kinetic energy is lost.
 the two objects stick together and move with a
common velocity after the collision. Both objects are
deformed.
 the total momentum is conserved in this situation but
the total KE before is not equal to the KE after
collision.

m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m2) v

 v = common velocity with which the objects move

after collision.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1) A 40-kg skater moving at 4.0 m/s collides with a 50-kg
skater moving at 2.0 m/s in the same direction. If the
two skaters hold each other after collision, what is their
final velocity?
2) A 1,200-kg car traveling at 10 m/s collides with a
1,000-kg car traveling at 8.0 m/s. If the two cars stick
together after collision, what is their final velocity?
WRITTEN WORK IN PHYSICS 9
READ AND ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS BELOW. EXPRESS
ALL ANSWER USING TWO DECIMAL PLACES AND BY MEANS OF
GRESA.

1) A 1200-kg vehicle moving at 40 m/s westward collides

with a 1100-kg vehicle moving at 35 m/s in the
opposite direction. After the collision, the 1200-kg
attains a velocity of 45 m/s westward. What is the final
velocity of 1100-kg vehicle after the collision?
2) Considering the picture below, solve for the missing
variable.