VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Chem 137: Chemistry Lecture Class

R423 │ 2:30-4:00 TTh

TERM PAPER

On

TISSUE CULTURE: A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN THE

AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

Name: Essielve T. Batistil

Student #: 20-1-00081

Course and Year: BS Chemistry-III

 INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance

In this midst of ever-increasing population, it is not surprising that demands for

resources increase as well. Agriculture, one of the most important pillars for resource

sustainability, is well-known for its coupling to biochemical concepts and technological

techniques for efficient agricultural yields that suffice the world’s demand. Agricultural

biotechnology is becoming a major sector in crop improvement via modification of genes

granting the modified species the properties to resist environmental stresses and pests. Recent

advancements in this sector employ techniques which entail the regeneration and the

preservation of agricultural crops as one of the new advantages.

Tissue culture is concerned with the growing of a tissue in an in vitro or artificial

medium from its parent organism. The initial application of regenerated tissue, to replace a

short section of urethra in 1996, led to the realization that the process of taking tissue

samples, growing them outside the body without a scaffold, and then reapplying them was

feasible. In modern usage, genetically designed creatures can be created from genetically

altered cells via tissue culture. In other words, not only can this technique pave the way for

generating species from the laboratory, but it also accommodates the customization of the

organism in any genetic fashion required. Specifically, plant tissue culture allows the

reproduction of disease-free planting material for crops. Furthermore, this biological

technique is heavily associated with resolving the problem of food shortages.

 DISCUSSION

Procedure of Plant Tissue Culturing

Preparing tissue
Preparing the growth
medium

Moving the tissue to

Cultivating tissue
another solid growth
(explant) in liquid
medium
growth medium

Cultivating plant in
Cultivating plant in pot
actual land
containing soil

Figure1. Schematic diagram of the overview process for plant tissue culture
Animal Cell culturing procedure

Isolate cells with the

use of proteolytic
Harvest Cell enzymes

Culture cells by placing Apply the isolated cell

the culture dish in an into a growth media in a
incubator. culture dish.

Cells are ready to be

Culture cells by placing manipulated or modified
the culture dish in an for experimental
incubator. procedures.

Figure2. Schematic diagram of the overview process for animal tissue culture

Types of Tissue culture Medium

 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium

The formulation is a blend of nutrients like inorganic salts, vitamins, and

amino acids. This medium is used to induce organogenesis, callus culture,

micropropagation, and cell suspension.

 Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium

Same as the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium but has increased

concentration of thiamine hypochlorite (0.4mg/l rather than 0.1mg/l)

compensated for the absence of vitamins except for inositol. 

 Gamborg (B5) medium

 This medium is a blend of nutrients like inorganic salts, vitamins, and

carbohydrates. The medium has a higher concentration of nitrate and

potassium and a lower concentration of ammonia. Potassium nitrate is useful

in inducing the soybean root callus formation and ammonium sulfate plays an

essential role in cell growth. It is used for the purpose of protoplast culture.

 Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium

It contains a high concentration of thiamine, biotin, and folic acid that supports

anther callus.

 White’s Medium

This was the earliest plant tissue culture media developed for root culture. It

has a lower salt concentration and a higher concentration of MgSO4. The

concentration of nitrate is 19% lesser than the MS media. White’s medium can

be used for the purpose of shoot culture and callus culture. It is suitable for

culture Musa and Daucus species.

Through the in-vitro culture of protoplasts, anthers, microspores, ovules, and embryos, tissue

culture has been widely utilized to enhance the amount of attractive germplasm that is

available to plant breeders and improve crop plants. It is a crucial piece of biotechnology

equipment. For seeds like bananas that are challenging to germinate, tissue culture is used.

Tissue culture is used to create the Grand Naine (G9) variety of banana, which leads to

widespread multiplication of disease-free, high-yielding clones and true-to-type plants.

Furthermore, it is possible to use in vitro cell and organ culture to preserve endangered

germplasms. Tissue culture techniques can be used to maintain a gene bank for plants that do
not generate seeds (sterile plants) or produce seeds that cannot be stored for a long time

(recalcitrant seeds).

Biosafety Issues

Extensive cultivation of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops increases the chances

of the development of resistance in the targeted insect population through high selection

pressure. New insect biotypes may evolve with resistance against transgenic technology.

Similarly, superweed having resistance against herbicides may emerge.

Socio-economic issue

There is also concern about the detrimental socioeconomic effects of rapid

technological change on rural or agricultural structures. The use of GMOs in Muslim

societies is seen as either halal or haram. One of the main political issues is the labeling of

foods that have been genetically modified. There must be global agreement on labeling

genetically modified foods and their products. While some nations do not label GM foods,

this must change.

 CONCLUSION

The adoption of biotechnology in agriculture has improved farmer livelihoods while

simultaneously increasing crop output. This has resulted in lower production costs due to a

reduction in the requirement for inputs (pesticides). Similar to this, biotechnology

applications have led to the development of new plant types with higher yields while

requiring fewer inputs, wider environmental tolerance, and better rotation to save natural

resources. However, the recent advancement is not an exception to issues pertaining to social

and economic factors, as well as biosafety concerns.

 LITERATURE CITED

Lamichhane, B. (2021). Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology. Nepal Journal of

Biotechnology. ISSN (Online): 2467-9313 p. 85-90

Brown DCW, Thorpe TA. Crop improvement through tissue culture [Internet].

Vol. 11, World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers;

1995 [cited 2021 Jun 20]. p. 409–15. Available from:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24414749/

Thorpe, TA. History of plant tissue culture. Mol Biotechnol. 2007;37(2):169–

80.

Abobkar I.M. Saad and Ahmed M. Elshahed (October 17th 2012). Plant Tissue
Culture Media, Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture, Annarita Leva and Laura M. R.
Rinaldi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/50569