BURNABILITY AND CLINKERIZATION OF CEMENT RAW -IMIXES 4. INTRODUCTION ihe chemi, physical and gical ahaa oh eae [sso yi Heine ‘kplan sinker formation i tie presence ul kl Hawi sess esvironments through extremely commer iach asta se dign ot tn rows month option eter quality of finer. jn sequence during ramet sinering covers ox sale ad tiga pase mehonamns tthe Tormation sd devon ston of seg Jeroneiae compounds which, fra, get transferase at ajo tnkst pases, ch 38 C8, CS, CA and CAP "This paper ates hihi bly tun tv effocts un the blast of ase materia Sentence sd hints of linker formation, with ave (0 ascertain nortan in cinher-making praeess. A study on these Mes i obviously ee ee ee Invi essing technology redosion in energy eonstmpion, unproven inher ty an opimtion sc on 2. BURNABILITY rovess i greatly mutter of great aruailcy oF raw as been Lecinology. Raven behaviour ducing is sini Inuence by its chemical, mineralogieal and Vatiions in hese affet Kila operation, refractory linia, fuel eoosunption Lt Daflaide x0, = He 2.2 fxpression ‘berabitty is generally expres by ster ofthe along two quali Daeaee of CaO, of a posbo-nacheone (O=cons.) at 8 ave MGperatue. Inetawing values of CHO, cortespond to deans eae ore (of a panlo‘aoermn (T= cons for C40, <2 The caning of €eoeeapund 9 decrstng Burabiy. 2.3. Kactors Affecting Bursabiity Tv allowing ave the pram parameters which considerably fet the 2.1 Reave-nis—dineoglead composition 2 ve components = Conretine ingredients = Modine Minor volte composes 2.3.3 Ravemis—Granulometie composition Fineness Particlesize distributions Homogeneity and compaction 244 Ravemls—Phermal Treat ining temperate eating sate = thaeming period = orwing sctvation1S. tiald pte formation = toni moti 2M Cher sui umn 247 Coaioh — Aiea vonba = Finencw 2A Ri etgphere Ovation Redwcsion 2.1 ends —Mineralioel Composition Cemex ru sn rgnests a polynineral onl plyispersive mise whose postion can vary within wide range due fo the chatter ot am mers wot, In the elinkeramaking roses. 808 of the tava somanents comprise dhe four major exis, we, C, A, Sand Fy an the "sinainine 3% fs made np of mor cust. These oxides ote a the form of mineas and compounds in the rv materia and dette ito ‘niles through. high-temperature teatment in hil, Consents ad Compositions of ravemin are shown THe | Tale 1 Raw ts Constituents and Compastions aw Mis ; “Conaive . Hue components Cy components ies Maes er tll any Seale uaeryesAS erent ——v 211 Cadeooe Calcite. suaznonite, dolomite, anki et, ar the nica Thedysomics efsarbonats in he aa pend ot te ype ‘heir esta srctores, miroseucial pestis, andthe dopeeee fof ciysial ana imperites present. The dheocaton temper init inca ad appearaico CaO i the ms eats in the order Calcite (aragonitey—dolomte—ankerite R12 aul vides 48, ard FY ean His ‘nov hat S03 and ALO, ane ound fsx i he oem of varios iy murals Laois, montmorillonite, hydric. lors fet micas, amphiboles. pidote, myrophvlite and (ldspars AAhOs are often fowl in. diaspore, 20. ond Dolemite. njdrohacmatite hhydrogoethite, yortite, ete. The tensity of clay minerals with Cac Increases autoeding tothe Fllowing order: nuseovite— montmorillonite —chite—iite—haohnite Amoxptions $10: SiO: combined sith AiO; anor CaO, nro Fe0s shows better tectivity than fee SiOs. The ration of lero Iona ‘of sien with CaO inersazes inthe following eer ‘quart2—chaleedony—op—e—eeusttalite—u—tridyite—stica 0 Feldsparstcn of micas and amphiboies ica ot cay nineties alas slags Minot olaile and non-volatile components are always press in mai ‘oxides, The concentration of minor eonsitents inthe rate FH the se F -T- cr Of miner vols compo Is bearns these omponsns izes at mel ower tempat han any alkali from sia vaporizes at lower tempeatare cspend tinea form ‘As or example, 3 from pytites vl from gyn thn eka, 23.12 Cone inns my a ae ih al ns of ‘one tir re, Red or an cds eg Ties eens eit Mase al martes tg the Ui nr ht pane Whee es we the ret tie Tank pine “esr, itaey meee The coh Tins hay ale Nace Cathe so: Car tPne ee aeance14 Progress in Cement and Concrete teurnditig ad Ctnkersation 18 a ayemixcowstites four matin odes CA, S fninor volatiles (K_ N.S, Py Fy CLatd gu the sonsslaties Sy, Me Rawemio—Chenicel Composion \ | : in, rand 3) Eas component hers hac i Bog wae 8 Gonna (Me My, LSE and Ma effects is coat vc is bse ogi, 2 2? 982 gt G2 iasieated in Table 2, The approsimate range of eicmical composition Of 29632 22 42222 gs sna the pote er mina foe aero He 5 gai: i 24488 23 3 tne ave shown i Tae 3 $oi2 2 25 S214) 58 2222.2 98 git 85 LF RayeGronuoncrte Cmpaston = §2692 3 2 332 2.3 4 (2.9.3.1 Fonness and pantie seo sbutins B afcel £,R abgecis 22 ‘Fineness and particle-size distributions greatly affect raw-anix burma, 2 52858 282 bereey ya rename ine yan the awn wath geste trace ge, He es « | $,92022 282 E220282 aa ees grin pert some awe, the g | beiebe: 221o Gttsiee 22 ‘grinding has particularly no influence on burnability. Ph Sbevtbeg yee eee 8 eeae.vn indi Ws Tie cotscens of ana al neste is Fowl 0 have a0 aHiPhle ba Beha h ete l™ ‘eficct on raw-mix burnability whereas the coarseness of quart is found 10 BEgegabh Beleck¥baaazez? ete ate One pest ot rane over 1 ee <2 gay ¥ai tt df 3 a4) oo bare 3 mae a oc ris ofthese aie Ineeaing 3 sez a i 13 mt 0.) a ies C20 t.] 5 Mei ass. hissing the coarse ic fo 0.3920 $e| 2 Fo a at ar for 3 a Hts CaO ron 0.713.780 a eet hat anor an 0.3% Spats about 0.2 So could son 0.2 should mt be preset i te Fe sac 1 tec se canbe ated wot ius Cate aie eS metone, the proportion of coarse onl be hier en pense pic sie of gat fe ant enn med eben 8 9 and 12S th espn EL eo one of aes ate esa ot 170 DSS eh ern a BSS mesh Tis are ies rom aso So ac ey an sce ei 0 {Conta a eof area, Wasa Ben propio ne sens ney wh the spss she rea so he average ale a uaz ns ing me 1s & Table 2: Rave Mis-Parameter/Charateriste, Range and Efets Sea forma 2.3.52 Homogeneity and compaction a megan fk fetvarajx operation icin anu asta gai of ltr, uring ross sel consi ates Materials ike quartz, 1 die ite riding, st ebetions of rains and thus dst gen asolucHomogenize i Sis. revs Tonponens Relations ceoncentate primary the & {hie homogeneity. is very lfc aa ee are always pain contac betwen AA. 1 sie hee ene, Ninel homoge wets wing he et tr eia modus Charnrerie rameter? Awa— — er 2 Paramerer Empirical Ting Prevevable Erect 3 1.02 092-096 A higher LSE i a saturation LF, = __100C Sees Nah oan 096 Mos difficult to bur ramembe 2 Fasor (USP) ESS TERT OE 3. fends to prodace unsound cement a (Myo o.eth (high Cady : 100 3 g ust = se 4 \ iS EaS= TINT OTF c 3 S. Fedices €:5 content eco 8: SSosee stow seting i bia ea toc = 0.7540) Suenath USP = Sag- eA OF ere, ToC =L.sM > FES= sa -0.5F isco ie , Mimo- Nonsvolatile Componente hse Se es accu, 0-38 as tow as sble 2 Contd.) Paramecr Evapircal Characterisis Limiting formula range range 2 Magnesia M 05% 0am ‘oxide (lg) 3 Tieaniem onde TIO.) oo et) (Tabie 2 Comet + possible Preferable 1 increases power and fuel consumption 2, causes difficulty in coating formation 3) Geteriorates refractory lining Increases the radiation of Heat from kiln shell increases kiln exit-gas temperacre Errects ‘A Higher M 1 reduces viscosity and surface tenston of slinker liquid and increases ionic mobility favours the dissolution of CxS and CaO, at higher temperature and lets C,S form more quickly 3. fends to ball easily in the burning zone which affects kiln operation 4 leads to unsoundness by forming periclase erystals when M>2%0 increases CS and melt but has no effect on C38 (M1 < 27) 6. volume instability in the presence of 23M36, neutralizes when % SO, = 0.67 A higher Ti Fesults in sharp reduction in CS content with equal gain in C3S content and appreciable variations in other phases. reduces viscosity and surface tension of the mele 3. feduces grain sizes of alite and belie 4. causes slower setting and lower strength 5. forms darker colour clinker ataatie 600) pa — Limiting avamnetet range Charastertie _— 4. Manganese pate conile (MN04) Z suomi o-st soni S10) 6. Chromium 0-2 onide (0) ; (Table 2 Contd.) Perameter/ Empirical Characteristic ©. Minor Votatile ‘Components 1 Allies (K,0=Na,0) (+N) 2. Sulphur 5 oa compounds (st, SOR. $0; preferable range 0.3-0.5% phidieeee ee vier Mn ey A let viscosity of the melt 1 roms ae size of aie cysts 3 Fede any tenet higher St 24-26 2 Hie the combination reaction of C20 tm solid phase 1a pe appearace temperature ofthe Hawi 3. areases hydra tenth 3. destenes ease CaO, BY alte destruction ($:C0, <0) As higher Cr A ete iacosty and surface tension of the clinker uid 9 Ton alte apily and inreases ts erysale F Gasnposes £98 iso CxO) and CS Feet he sabi of "A" and decreases that of "F™ 5. nsec nal hydrate avy Ahigher K#N) improves burnability at lower temperature and deteriorates at higher temperature, specially when (K-+N)> 19% increases liquid content and coating formation lowers the solubilty of CaO in the melt tbreaks down alite and belite phases creates operational problems due to external tnd internal alkali-eycte formation (volatility, (k>N when (NF + 0.689 KM) >0.6%—causes slkall expansion Iigher § fective mines ralizer and modifier ‘of the alkali-reeycle by forming less volative (N,K) SO, compounds when S>(K-+N)* lowers the appearance temperature of liquid phase by over 100°C, decreases its Riseosuy ai fonie mobili iS surface of oxides. inion and increases 18,2024 2930 20,24 3437 oumruayuary pup kigqoung sso ") g g a(Febie 2 Contd.) — cece eT nct Limiting Preferable Ertects tangetange 4. increases belo formation where the Fo ‘2, reduces the intensity of internal rec ae ‘3. reduces early strength ms 4 tigher F auusuay pue yudUiA UE SIUTOAE OZ France) EaEMMREY Leis le rau ea = = a caup | camsmts Aue ey 1 form more volatin (89) Cl and ‘sauses operational problem due to its ‘complete vaporization in the burning zone 2, increases liquid formation and melting Dolnt of the absorbed phase is drastically changed 2, increases ring formation by readily forming spurte (C\S.CaCO4) . 4 a by-pass is required if Cl>0.015 g 6, Moisture 10-386 418% (dry) higher F & on) 30-358 | increases burnabilty = (vet) 2. increases fuet consumption : 40s 00 ignition & BN at shad apes 201°C under gO saurton sondion & then (NK) <1.25- ahha ae bypass is not required "i defined as 8/088 easing portion of § bo ant Fration (70-808) of Sulphate modulus, 9.3 dMgc1.0 ~ an in (K+ 1.52N) When My < 015-3 boy 1S 6 1.0 ~ a con uns to calcium (CaS0,), the alkalies found as nds 10 alkalies, sulphate, (N,K),80,,Teble 3. Composition of Raw and Clr Minera gud 3ta Fiucution ofthe kil fed measured as #4 CaCO, should not be more nan 20.26 from the holding point An increase of 1% CaCOy wil Increase GS by 130 and tedace C38 by about 115. Pac ultnate homogeneity depends on the physicoshemica characteris, Tincacs and paruciesse darbution, method of mising and effieney of the blending Stem, 234 Rave Thermal Traiment 234.1. Fig tonporture Tener burning, the temperature ust be fishy enous fo: he formation ofthat phase, Boring of rai generally cae out ot 18501500°C. aan eiy high burnin tovperatreeesuls in high ss6 on the An acres lining, more fuel consumption, reduction in cement ae and anger ate egtals cress in burang esperar fom Ticats 1a0"C rests in lowering the Burning period by al, Maxims Tree perature wah determined by mulple eepesion anasis™? of ‘vr tnal containing ooly the four ain oxides a gven below: SC = 1300 + 451. GS = 374GA~ R61GAF 0) 234.2 Hoting time Gar ingeasing the bolting time, the following. chaoges may be observed? 4 “Con content decreases and C.AF content increases. 1 2. CoS decreases and GS increases. 2 Ge htatet strength at tater ages and Tower ty ages. 2 Heat ot hydration at early ages decreases, . S$. Ustutuecinker produces high-quality ement even in the presence of ish C20, e urnciity and Clinterztion 2 2343. Suing ate a ‘ia basning is tavoare fo the flowing cesons" 1S Stine gramed materals can Be chard NRE SSS'Nilsns ia tii gre of nenes can be charg. Fence ef ci are fred bi aceeate the fnteaxtion of CS (CaO, and qu aes, ey 2342. Burin action we Jictau axination tay be enhanced by citer sompanying it sith esa sear mor chemical iene asvaton. Meskanisal ‘Taaion hes Deter rele than chemical activation Liquid phase of formation [A:F. Meminor oil and non soaie components —zenealy govern the Shown of gid form, ie appearance, temperate. veo surface ‘Sason and ions obi nthe linker zation proves, whichis oplaine® IS Tatie? Thetangeat choker omporiion ay be fay wide the amount (St iguid phase neeass slows Ante wid aboot 256 guid phase from 3 raw is generally considered. on ideal rawmia for Ain Unig. fuel saving, rapid GS ‘Gamaion dows the daolsio of CS and C20, and economical ake fing, The bigeld pace at L490°C fe onal satus by the Lv ad Parker formar shih writen 3 GOATEISF rKSNOMG) whoa My > 18 a SSA-SEIRENSMG) hea MLS 138 3 238. Clinker Qustiy uss tee sen thatthe burnabilty becomes wore atthe potential CS making its nh ont. spoon tod nen afea bamatlty. Cneralthecompeation ofl kates hin the mies S380s, AS 358, ESMMR, CIO and MS aad a Da Mersin eh ia amis bh enpoton shows avery high SC rao and modesich inch AE sau. ‘On the whole the effects ach abortion on Paine se fll LSP devesss and My irene the ‘enn of scat pes ne a te Ligeid comca ceases ih retised Vassky and increased ook bin. ae ‘olen sh porte raiy fom he outer surface nt cracks amd peng in he keener by pesmi the ash est posh feng in Sih ate De 5. Inrodacicn of dope of asrsihomogrgety du 9 ath—clinker ‘esse, eulgg fe te todo i he SethKit Atmosphere Table 4. Empirical Equations Used for Burnabitcy Index Celestina Reducing cvdions Ginadaquate oxygen in the kiln as) during cement Snke-buning sean affect te ealou a he linker by prodcing Fernie ose aselrate the setting by enhancing GA. content al dhe capone of CMF an rode the stent by breaking down C$ during Bermaitiy—Erpical euaton ra GSGAE SGA @ {lite cong" Theor, olen cds (01-2 vol nex 3) wi CS/CAP+GAM OK EN © ‘howl matin in the ila for Btr ier aay i ee m hes 4 GMe 2) (Me ND o {AW-MIX CHARACTERIZATION AND EVOLUTION By SS TIR mat 158 © (65e, -907 Bs Fc characeczstion a evstaton of rae essetaly done throu eee tae bees ‘some es for apimizng the Buring of eink raw mea. These tests ate ‘Wie 1, ~ aor of ld pase a 180°C ater Da ‘companied with two divisions pun st ro’ seal aie pn ie 1a) Proponent ‘ se ‘The Beans o be more practical ws KlgvovesLSF and modu tothe ‘ense of BI. the patential composition of phases are calculated. using Bosue's Savon However gr wb aks ago acount he chee! ‘veces, ramones eetogenety and gl oon se Pe (8) Laberatorprepared clinker (A) Proposed Rava is prepare snila co that proposed tobe vse to manufac Cement. The awemisshould then be evant bythe felling tine enc ad pies dios Fi Sombexpevinental’anarcaet In this approdeh, « minim numberof experiments are use in empirical equations 10 eakulate the bucbabiity indices © Thermogravimetic analysis 3.21. Freelime Temperature integration Methow® Bury tet 1a this metho, the buruabilty capacity is measured by a quantitative (B) Laboratory Prearedatiner Conn settee en ieea OW EOE 2a ne sy i) are ta aT Fm or uc = $2. oO ¥. acy 4 2C haw 0) (03 ply there appre aes This method seems to be ratiowal, as it evaluates buraability on the basis (9) & purely experimen app 34 Theoretical Approneh uth pen, epi inde (factor CUT) Hou 42.2 Stdatical Moet” rameters ave een chosen to determine buraabiiy Nu Reyer 1 KD, MoS) Seen MMa.F ne mel ewes by ony nts metho. idles, These te My habity tnd accra (Gi ed fo leva the bu Cx0p" 00°C =28, Progres in Cement and Concrve “et a oy eee Oe TONE GH OHA TT o wee Cg = C20 of therefrom ice eee vation prmcr and fees = (Gonstan), cvelficens of x defining the rearsion 4.23 Chemice Granulometre Approach {n this approoeh, both chemieal and granulomei composition are taken into secount and CaO, is determincd after Firing st 1400°C for CaO gue = 0.33 LST) +0018, +0.56C3CO om $9388 "0.389 oa ‘This equation isjustified for moderate varatons from the eferenge sample, representing the average valet, LSE, = 095320038; CaCOs,nsm = 0.02620021, M, = 37315 Sout 0180.00 My =22216and C20, = 0.057 20.083 However, for larger vas bbe nceded to ft data, ‘The above approach was Further modified recently! by the following expression: CaOP eure = 0.33 (LSP —(LSP) (M5) +0.938 hn $0.56 CaCOs 35n#0.2Ay as) ‘where LSF (Ma) is funetion of Ms and determined experimentally by 8 otelation analysis tion in LSF, and Ms, a nonlinear expression will LSE (M) = 5.1 M107 «9, ‘This equation is vali for 88 Sb Clinker PI ‘ —-RGFost of Cooling Rete Tae be son tha inh pas 8 sl frm ring “eg al rf hie ember psc ame opens a hea api oi CPC ay ae gue Set of aang te om ermens roe and Paes - 6. rwBayooYNANC comma ‘ve pti there So a tinker ing se ANY cenit ro coe an erty comes DO” nen yee oF ng eC ste ane wotlk pa, and cele The ee one a epee nay ae: he OE 2 A a lew Dxetaning of royal 2 et pte ves” wih SO ie nn ncn sh RO MFO. sane con rm mags fle TOC 10 0c: se i eaions fink gation a PEAS