Mutually Exclusive Events:
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁)
Events that cannot happen at the
same time. In other words, if one event
occurs, the other event cannot occur.
For example, when flipping a coin, the
event of getting heads and the event of
getting tails are mutually exclusive because
only one of these events can occur at a
time.
Similarly, when rolling a die, the event of
getting a 1 and the event of getting a 2 are
mutually exclusive because the die can only
show one number at a time.
Mathematically, two events are mutually
exclusive if they have no intersection,
meaning that the probability of both events
occurring simultaneously is zero.
Non-Mutually Exclusive Events:
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
Events that can happen at the same
time. In other words, the occurrence of one
event does not prevent the occurrence of
the other event.
For example, when flipping a coin, the
events of getting heads and getting tails are
non-mutually exclusive because both events
can occur in different coin flips.
Similarly, when rolling a die, the events of
getting an odd number and getting a prime
number are non-mutually exclusive because
the number 3 is both odd and prime.
Mathematically, two events are non-
mutually exclusive if they have an
intersection, meaning that the probability
of both events occurring simultaneously is
greater than zero.
Independent Events:
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) ∗ 𝐏(𝐁)
The occurrence of one event does not affect
the occurrence of the other
With replacement: whatever is picked is
put back before second pick (can be
repeated)
Dependent Events:
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) ∗ 𝐏(𝐁/𝐀)
The result of one event affects the result of
the other event
Without replacement: whatever is picked is
not put back before the second pick (cannot
be repeated)
Conditional Probability:
𝐏(𝐁|𝐀) =
𝑷(𝑨∩𝑩)
𝑷(𝑨)
The probability of an event occurring
given that another event has already
occurred. In other words, it is the likelihood
of an event happening under a specific
condition.
Complimentary Event:
𝐏(𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨)
An event that is the opposite of
another event. Specifically, if event A is the
occurrence of a particular outcome, then
the complimentary event of A is the
occurrence of all other possible outcomes
except A. The probability of the
complimentary event can be calculated by
subtracting the probability of event A from
1.
Formulas: Examples:
Probability A. A card is drawn at random from a standard
n(E)
deck of cards. What is the probability of
P(E) = drawing a queen or a king?
n(S)

Mutually Exclusive Events: 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

4 4
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) = +
52 52

Non-Mutually Exclusive Events 8

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
Independent Events
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B)
Dependent Events
=
52
= 0.1538 𝑜𝑟 15.28%
B. A box contains 4 red balls, 5 green balls,
and 3 blue balls. Peter draws one ball at
random. What is the probability that the ball is
either green or red?

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B/A) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

5 4
Conditional Probability = +
12 12
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(B|A) = =
8
𝑃(𝐴)
12
Complimentary Event = 0.75 𝑜𝑟 75%
P(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) C. A dice is rolled. What is the probability of
getting an even number or a factor of 2?

3 2 1
= + −
6 6 6
5 1
= −
6 6
4
=
6

= 0.6667 𝑜𝑟 66.67%
D. In a hospital, there are 9 nurse and 4
physicians. Five nurse and one physician are
males. If a person is selected from the staff,
what is the probability that the person is a
nurse or female?

9 7 4
= + −
13 13 13
16 4
= −
13 13
12
=
13

= 0.9231 𝑜𝑟 92.31%
E. You flip a coin and then roll a fair six-sided I. One card is selected from a deck of cards
die. The coin lands heads-up and the die find the probability that the card is heart given
shows a one. it is not black

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B) 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)

P(B|A) =
𝑃(𝐴)
1 1
= ∗ 13
2 6 52
P(heart|not black) = 13
1
= 52
12
0.25
= 0.0833 𝑜𝑟 8.33% =
0.5

F. A cooler contains ten bottles of sports drink: = 0.5 or 50%

four lemon-lime flavored, three orange
flavored, and three fruit-punch flavored.
Three times, you randomly grab a bottle, return J. One card is selected from a deck of cards
the bottle to the cooler, and then mix up the find the probability that the card is a spade
bottles. The first time, you get a lemon-lime given it is red
drink. The second and third times, you get fruit-
punch. 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(B|A) =
𝑃(𝐴)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B) 0
4 3 3
P(spade|red) = 26
= ∗ ∗ 52
10 10 10
0
36 =
= 0.5
1000
=0
= 0.036 𝑜𝑟 3.6%
G. A bag contains eight red marbles and four
blue marbles. You randomly pick a marble K. One card is selected from a deck of cards
and then pick a second marble without find the probability that the card is a queen
returning the marbles to the bag. The first given that it is a face card
marble is red and the second marble is blue.
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(B|A) =
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B/A) 𝑃(𝐴)

8 4 4
= ∗ P(queen|face card) = 52
12 11 12
52
32
= 0.3332
132 =
0.2308
= 0.2424 𝑜𝑟 24.24%
= 0.3332 or 33.32%
H. A box of chocolates contains five milk
chocolates, five dark chocolates, and five
white chocolates. You randomly select and
L. One card is selected from a deck of cards
eat three chocolates. The first piece is milk
find the probability that the card is not black
chocolate, the second is dark chocolate, and
given it is a two
the third is white chocolate.
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∗ P(B/A) 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(B|A) =
𝑃(𝐴)
5 5 5
= ∗ ∗ 2
15 14 13 52
P(not black|two) = 4
125
= 52
2730
0.0385
= 0.0459 𝑜𝑟 4.59% =
0.0769

= 0.5007 or 50.07%
M.

N.

O.

P.

Q.

R.

S.

T.

U.

V.

W.

X.

Y.
Z.