UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA

Introduction to Aerospace Sciencie

TEAM

Luna Sofía Baena Aguilar 2062965

Diego Alejandro Corzo Evia 2132382
Maximiliano Quiñonez Moreno 2131990
Ana Victoria Ortega 2132021
Airfoils
 What is an Airfoil?
An airfoil is is a structure with
curved surfaces, such as an
airplane wing, fins, designed
to provide the best ratio of
lift to drag during flight

HISTORY
Otto Lilienthal 1891
German
aviation pioneer
Started
experimenting with gliders in the late 1800s
His 1891 aerofoil design was the first to provide lift and
stability.
Died tragic accident in 1896
 Aerofoils at this time were
fairly basic in design and were
not very efficient. They were
made up of a single flat
surface, and provided little lift
or stability.
Wright Brothers
First to design and build and aircraft that
used a lifting airfoil in 1903.
The Wright Brothers’ Wright Flyer had a
trapezoid-shaped wing with a thick, rigid
spar that ran down the length of the
wing. The wing was a single, flat surface,
and was attached to the fuselage by a
long, rigid strut.
The Wright Flyer was designed
with a strong, rigid backbone
so that it could carry the
weight of the pilot and
passengers.

The Wright Brothers’ design

was similar to Lilienthal’s
glider, but the Wright Flyer had
a modest level of stability
 The EDWARDIAN ERA is
considered the era of progressive
reforms in the US, in the same
era, a government agency called
NACA (National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics) was
founded in 1915 to promote
aeronautical research
Parts of an Airfoil /
Airfoil Terminology
N.A.C.A. Profiles
 What is N.A.C.A?

"National Advisory Committee

for Aeronautics"

Founded in March 3, 1915

Disbanded in 1958
NASA is created
Built the LMAL laboratory It did trials and tests with
(Langley Memorial all the aerodynamic
Aeronautical Laboratory) profiles.

alog
cat
files
Pro
North American P-51 Mustang -Speed ​limited by sound
laminar profiles were applied barrier-

1948
Bell X-1 John Stack
N.A.C.A Code
N.A.C.A Nomenclature Defines the geometric
concept of the wing profile
 Method
4 parameters: Define
profile structure

a = 0, b = 0 symmetric

a = maximum ordinate of the midline in percent

b = position of the maximum ordinate in tenths of the chord
c = Maximum thickness in percentage of chord
Cessna 152 light aircraft
wing profile Example

NACA 2412
Maximum curvature 2%
Máxima curvatura
localizada al 40% (0.4
cuerdas) del borde de
ataque.
Maximum thickness of
12% of the rope.
a
b
cd
a = 0, b = 0 symmetric
N.A.C.A. Series
Low speed NACA 4 DIGIT
aircraft
Helicopters
blades
Stabilizing
surfaces
 General
aviation NACA 5 DIGIT
aircraft ,
+4digit
executive
planes
NACA 1 DIGIT
Indicates Serie
Points of minimum pressure
maximum camber
maximum thickness
NACA 6 DIGIT Family of
A
laminar
profiles

aircraft speed
plane
LIFT coefficient Cl = L / q A Force generated
on a body moving
through a fluid, in
a direction
perpendicular to
the velocity of the
L incident current.
I
F
T

Angle of Attack
Cd = D / q A DRAG coefficient

Indicates how much an object resists movement through a fluid such as

water or air
 MOMENT coefficient Cm = M / q A c

Force generated
on a body moving
through a fluid, in
a direction
perpendicular to
the velocity of the
incident current.

The pitching moment on an airfoil is the moment produced by the aerodynamic force on the airfoil if
that force is considered to be applied at the aerodynamic center of the airfoil.
Angle of Attack (AOA)
Angle between the chord
of the airfoil and the
relative wind

Angle with which the profile

attacks the air
 Lift coefficient

Term that relates the angle of attack of

the profile to the lift produced

depends directly on the angle of
attack

If this critical angle of attack is

exceeded, a stall is entered.
 Stall

Abrupt loss of lift due to separation of the natural flow of smooth air over the
upper airfoil

The critical AOA varies

depending on the profile
design (between 15 and 22
degrees).
 How do you know stall speed
when there is a loss?

indicated speed at which an aircraft reaches its critical AOA

If the speed continues to decrease, the

aircraft must increase its AOA more and
more.

Until it reaches its

critical AOA
 A profile always stalls at the
same AOA, regardless of speed,
weight or load facto

If the AOA is measured directly, the

safety margin with respect to the
critical AOA can be known with
precision
angle of attack
indicator

instrument indicating the current

AOA of the aircraft in relation to the
critical AOA and other relevant AOAs
 By using an AOA indicator
you can fly exactly at the
optimum approach angle of
attack regardless of weight.

Allows to reduce the

approach speed, thereby
reducing the landing
distance
 The AOA indicator can also be used to fly
with other relevant AOAs.

-Best promotion
regimen Vy
-Best angle of
ascent Vx
-Maximum reach
-Maximum
autonomy

occurs in
specific AOAs
Use of flaps The use of flaps causes a
change in the chord of the
profile and therefore also
changes the angle of attack.

When using flaps

the critical AOA also
changes

Wing classification
The different wing profiles

Straight Wing

Manufacture: Very easy

stability control : excellent

Speed: low

aerodynamic efficiency : low

 Wing with tapper

Manufacture: Easy

stability control : Good

Speed: Low-
medium

aerodynamic efficiency :
variable
 Elliptical wing

Manufacture: Very hard

stability control : Good

Speed: medium

aerodynamic efficiency :
Excellent
 Swept wing

Manufacture: Hard

stability control : Variable

Speed: high

aerodynamic efficiency : Very

good
 Reverse swept wing

Manufacture: Hard

stability control : Poor

Speed: Very
high

aerodynamic efficiency : Low

 Delta wing

Manufacture: Hard

stability control : Poor

Speed: Very
high

aerodynamic efficiency : Low

The Coanda effect
High lift devices
 Aerodynamic control
High lift devices systems that change
Secondary Heavy duty devices aerodynamic and
performance
Compensators characteristics.

flight
controls

Primaries
 Its main objective is to increase the CLmax and therefore the
lift at low speeds.

Devices that increase and

Devices that change the
control the energy of the
curvature of the profile.
boundary layer on the profile.
 An increase in
curvature increases the
generates more induced resistance
lift.
Devices that change the
curvature
Trailing Edge
Flaps
Plain Flap
Split Flap
Slotted Flap
Flap Fowler
CL-AoA Graph
Effectiveness
Effectiveness
Leading Edge
Flaps
Limit layer energy
Slats
CL-AoA Graph
Slots
 Vortex
Generators
CL-AoA Graph
WingLets
 Reference
https://greatbustardsflight.blogspot.com/2017/01/el-codigo-naca-de-4-y-5-digitos.html
https://youtu.be/JBYcTJSCUBo
https://youtu.be/ooi2jHo9C5c