9/26/2017

EE 222
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS II

Course Outline
A: Electrotechnics:
• Principles of electromechanical energy conversion.
• Introduction to AC and DC machines and machine
design, constructional features and characteristics,
• Transformer theory, constructional features and
characteristics, power transformers and distribution of
electric power.
• Basic concepts of electrical measurements and
measuring instruments.

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Course Outline…
B: Electronics:
• Physics of devices, discharge devices, semiconductors,
diode and transistors, device characteristics, circuits and
applications;
• Analogue building blocks and operational amplifiers.
• Basic concepts in digital electronics - bits, bytes, logic
gates and flip-flop.
• Introduction to microprocessors.

Lecture Plan
WEEK 1:
 General Introduction
WEEK 2:
 Principles of electromechanical energy conversion.
 Introduction to AC and DC machines and machine design,
constructional features and characteristics.
WEEK 3:
 Transformer theory, constructional features and
characteristics, power transformers and distribution of
electric power.

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Lecture Plan…
WEEK 4:
 Basic concepts of electrical measurements and measuring
instruments.
WEEK 5:
 Test No. I and Physics of devices, discharge devices,
semiconductors, diode and transistors, device xteristics,
circuits and applications;
WEEK 6:
 Analogue building blocks and operational amplifiers.

Lecture Plan…
WEEK 7:
 Basic concepts in digital electronics - bits, bytes, logic
gates and flip-flop.
 Introduction to microprocessors.
WEEK 8:
 Test No. II and Tutorials
WEEK 9 and 10:
 Revision and or Make-up Classes.

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Grading Methods
Assignments - 8%
Attendance - 5%
Tests - 15%
Tests Bonus - 2%
Total CA = 30%

Final Examination - 70%

Grand Total - 100%

Lecturers/Examiners
1. Dr. Y. S. Haruna
2. Engr. S. Sabo
3. Engr. A. Sabo

All from the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ATBU Bauchi

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EE222
LECTURE No. 1
ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

Introduction
• For energy conversion between electrical and
mechanical forms, electromechanical energy conversion
devices must be present.
• These devices are categorized into three as;
– Transducers (for measurements and control),
– Force producing devices (they produce force mostly
for linear motion) and
– Continuous energy conversion devices (operate in
rotational modes e.g. generator of motor)

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Electromechanical System

• This can take the form of Motor or Generator depending

on the direction of the signal flow.`

Induced EMF
• If a conductor of length l is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of flux density B.
• And the conductor moves
at a speed v, the induced
emf in the conductor can
be determined by

• The direction of the emf can be determined by the "

Fleming’s right hand rule”.

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Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

• Holding the right hand out out with the first finger, second
finger and thumb all at mutual right angles to each other as
shown in Figure.
• The First finger indicates the
direction of the magnetic Field
of the magnet.
• The ThuMb indicates the direction
of Motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic
field.
• The SECond finger indicates the direction of the induced
EMF or Current

Induced EMF…
• In a coil of N turns, the induced emf can be calculated by

• where λ is the flux linkage of the coil and the minus sign
indicates that the induced current opposes the variation
of the field.
• It makes no difference whether the variation of the flux
linkage is a result of the field variation or coil movement.
• In practice, it would convenient if we treat the emf as a
voltage. The above express can then be rewritten as

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Induced EMF
• The resulting emf generated when magnetic flux cuts a
conductor is proportional to the intensity of the
magnetic field, the length of the conductor which is cut
by the flux and the rate at which the flux cuts the
conductor.

• EMF is given the symbol E and has units of Volts (V)

Then:
EMF  Magnetic Flux Density x Length of Conductor x Relative Velocity

E  Bu V

EMF Induced
• If the magnets travel a distance, d, in T seconds, then
the rate at which the flux cuts the conductor is:
d Bd
u E
T Which gives T
• But the total area of the flux which cuts the conductor
in the time, T, is the length of the conductor, l, within
the magnetic field times the distance travelled, d, so
that:
A  d and since: BA  Φ
Then, BA Φ
E  V (or Wb/s)
T T

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Example 1
• The faces of the poles of a permanent magnet have
dimensions 150mm high x 250mm wide.
• A total magnetic flux of 0.5 Wb exists between the poles
of the magnet.
• The magnet moves from left to right at a speed of
60cm/s.
• Determine the emf induced in a conductor mounted
vertically between the faces of the magnet while within
the magnetic field and the relative polarity of this emf.

Example 1 Solution
Given: 250 mm

N
A = 0.15 x 0.25 m2 = 0.0375 m2,
150mm

motion of
magnet
B = Ф/A = 0.5/0.0375 = 13.3 T S

as seen in the Diagram. relative

motion of
conductor

 The length of the conductor l which is exposed to the

magnetic field in this case is the height of the face of the
magnet of 150mm.
 The relative velocity of the conductor is u = 60 cm/s = 0.6
m/s
 Then: e = Blu = 13.3 x 0.15 x .6 = 1.197 ≈ 1.2 V

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Force
• In the above case of the current carrying conductor
placed in the magnetic field.
• The resulting force acting on a current carrying conductor
is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field and
the magnitude of the current flowing in the conductor.
• It is also dependent on the length of the conductor which
is exposed to the magnetic field.
• Force is given the symbol F and has units of Newtons (N)
Then:
Force  Magnetic Flux Density x Current x Length of Conductor

F BI N

Force…
• It is useful to be able to establish the directional
relationship between the three parameters involved
namely:
– the magnetic field associated with the permanent
magnets,
– the current flowing in the conductor and
– the resulting force acting on the conductor.
• This can be done by a useful rule known as the Left
Hand Rule.

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Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

The Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is as follows:
• Holding the left hand out with the first finger, second
finger and thumb all at mutual right angles to each
other as shown in Fig. 3:
• The First finger indicates the
direction of the magnetic Field
of the magnet
• The SeCond finger indicates the
direction of the Current
• The ThuMb indicates the direction
of Motion of the conductor.

Example No. 2
• The faces of the poles of a permanent magnet have
dimensions 150mm high x 250mm wide.
• A total magnetic flux of 0.5 Wb exists between the poles
of the magnet.
• Determine the force acting on a conductor carrying a
current of 200mA which runs horizontally between the
poles of the magnet.
• Evaluate the acceleration experienced by the conductor
if it has a mass of 100g/m and is free to move within
this field.

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Example 2 Solution
• Given, 250mm
N
A = 0.15 x 0.25 m2 = 0.0375 m2 150mm

B = Ф/A =0.5 / 0.0375 = 13.3 T

conductor
S
As seen from the Figure.

• The length of the conductor l which is exposed to the

magnetic field is the width of the face of the magnet of
250mm.
Using, F = BIl
→ F = 13.3 x 0.2 x 0.25 = 0.665 N

Example 2 Solution…
From Newton’s laws of motion we have;
Force = Mass x Acceleration,
Hence, F = ma.
Where, m is the mass of 250mm length of conductor
And m = 0.1 x 0.25 = 0.025 kg

Then, Acceleration, a = F/m

→ a = 0.665/0.025 = 26.6 m/s2

The acceleration is 26.6 m/s2

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Torque
• In a rotating system, the torque about an axis can be
calculated by
T=rxF
Where, r is the radius vector from the axis towards the
conductor and F is the force

Losses
Motor losses
Conduction losses, PR
Iron losses, Phe
Friction and windage losses, Pfw
Switching losses, Psw
Stray losses, Ps

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Efficiency
• The efficiency of any device is the ratio of its
output to its input.
• Hence, efficiency = output/input

• Which is always between 75% to 80%.

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