The cell membrane controls most of the movement in and out of the cell.

Pause&
It distinguishesbetweendifferent moleculesbasedon their size, shape,and L-- Reflect
electric charge.Only certain substancesare allowedto cross.Movement across
membranesis therefore called selective transport. How doesa molecule get Basedontheparticlemodelof
to the other side of the membrane?In some cases,the cell must use energy matter,explainwhyit takeslonger
for a sugarcubeto dissolvein
in order to transport materials acrossthe membrane.Other moleculesare icedteathanin hottea.
moved acrossthe membranewithout using any energy.In this section you
"willieam about the different waysin which materialsare transportedacross
cell membranes.

Particles Are In Constant Motion

According to the particle model of matter, all matter is madeup of tiny particles.
In liquid or air theseparticlesare in constant,random motion. This movement
is called Brownian motion. You will investigateBrownian motion in the
Find Out Activity below.

Find Out
Brownian Motion
One of the first people to observe the random Procedure - ~::;lii:ml!I'!",I~ i:[~~)Jli~I~;
movement of microscopic particles was a Scottish
1. Place a very small drop of water in the centre
scientist named Robert Brown (1773-1858). In 1827,
of a clean microscope slide.
Brown used a microscope to observe pollen grains
suspended in water, and he noticed that the 2. Dip a toothpick into the milk, then dip and
pollen grains moved constantly in little jerks. stir it into the drop of water on the slide.
See if you, too, can observe evidence of the
random motion of molecules, now described
as Brownian motion.

Safety Precautions
.
m~
Do not eat or drink anything in the laboratory.
. Handle the microscope slides and cover slips 3. Cover the fluid droplet with a cover slip. Use
with care. They break easily. the paper towel to dab away any excess fluid.

4. Examine the specimen under the microscope

Materials
at low power. Look for fat droplets in the
distilled water cover slip
water. Focus and gradually increase the
microscope slide paper towel magnification to high power.
toothpick compound light microscope
whole milk What Did You Find Out? . r~1Ir'~~~~j!!I'~~
~I!~l!..li:;ii~j::;iij!~

Describe and explain any movement you

observed in the specimen.

DvnamicCells. MHR 297

 Concentration Gradients
The random movement of particles results in a net movement toward
areaswhere the concentration of particles is lower. For example,when
you add sugar to a cup of tea, the sugarmoleculeswill eventually
spreadout to give the tea a uniform sweetness.At first, the sugar
moleculesare highly concentratedin one part of the cup. Over time,
the sugarmoleculesmove toward areasof low concentration, where
there are fewer sugarmolecules.The difference in concentration
betweenthe two areasis called a concentration gradient. Just as the
cyclist in Figure 8.7 can coastdownhill on a bicycle, moleculesmove
downa concentration gradient.
A stateof equilibrium occursonce moleculesare distributed evenly.
The sugarmolecules(the solute) in the cup of tea reach equilibrium
when their concentration is equalthroughout the water (the solvent).
The moleculesdo not stop moving after reachingequilibrium. The net
flow, or overall distribution, however,doesnot change.In the Find Out
Activitv below.vou will measurethe concentrationof solutesin a solution.

GIrnIa!D Whencoastingdownhillon your bicycle,you do not needto expend

energyto transportyourselfto thebottomof the hill.Similarly,molecules
moving
downa concentration gradientget a "free ride."

The Amount of Water in Solutions
We often refer to the concentration of solutes in
a solution. However, we do not usually talk about
the amount of water in a solution. Two solutions
with different solute concentrations also contain
differing amounts of water molecules. Dissolved
molecules take up space in a solution, reducing
the volume left for water molecules.
Find Out
2. Gently fill beaker B with pebbles to the 300 mL
mark. Again, add water to bring the total
volume up to 400 mL.
3. Using a slotted spoon, remove all the pebbles
from each solution. Do not remove any of
the water.

4. Read the approximate volume of water

Materials remaining in each beaker.
2500 mL beakers tap water
pebbles slotted spoon What Did You Find Out? . r~1Trc~~": liJ" rcl~~ lii:;:i ~!i:;:iil!J

1. (a) Which solution had the higher concentration

of pebble "solutes"?
(b) Which solution had more water?
1. Working with a lab partner, label one 500 mL
beaker "A" and the other 500 mL beaker "B." 2. All cells require water to survive. Explain
Gently place enough pebbles in beaker A to why many types of bacteria cannot live in
reach the 100 mL mark. Complete the pebble extremely sugary foods, such as honey.
"solution" by adding enough water to bring
the total volunle up to 400 mL.

298 MHR. tit 3 Cycling Matter in Living Systemi

Passive Transport
Brownian motion and concentration gradients help materials move acrosscell
membranes.Moleculesmove down a concentrationgradientpassively,or without
using any energy.Movement acrosscell membraneswithout an input of energy
is calledpassivetransport. There are three typesof passivetransport: diffusion,
osmosis,and facilitated diffusion.

Diffusion Across Cell Membranes A Greater solute concentration

The net movementof particlesfrom an areaof high concen-
..
tration to an areaof low concentration is called diffusion.
Many moleculesdiffuse acrosscell membranes.Very small
. . .~.. .........
particles can move between the phospholipid molecules .
from one side of the cell membrane to the other. . .

. .. ..
.
.
...

Cells do not expendenergy to transport materials by

diffusion. Just asyou transport your body by coasting ""
.H2O -
- .8
downhill on a bicycle,cellscan benefit from the movement '- - ~88
of moleculesdown a concentration gradient. For example, .-. ~. ~~.!-~:
.- . .
.

oxygen travels down a concentration gradient from the fluid

surrounding cells, through the cell membrane,and into the ..-. . ..-
. .

.
.
..
.

cytoplasm.However, the oxygen in your cells never reaches

equilibrium with the oxygen outside your cells. Sinceyour
cells consumeoxygen, the concentration of oxygenis always B Equal solute concentration
lower inside cells than outside.

Osmosis: The Diffusion of Water Across

a Membrane
Most of the molecules that fill and surround cells are water
molecules. Substancesthat diffuse through the cell membrane
and within cells move through this watery medium. Water
itself can also diffuse across the cell membrane. The diffusion
of water molecules across a membrane is called osmosis.
Water molecules move from areas where they are in a
higher concentration to areas where they are in a lower
concentration. When the random movement of water
molecules into and out of a cell occurs at the same rate,
the water is in a state of equilibrium. [4~::iJ water molecules
In Figure 8.8A, the solution of water and solute outside
the cell is hypotonic to the solution in the cell cytoplasm.
~~;ll dissolved substances

Hypotonic solutionslosewate1:Because there is a higher
concentration of water molecules outside the cell than
inside, the net flow of water is into the cell. In contrast, the
cytoplasm is hypertonic to the solution of water and solute
surrounding the cell. This means that the solute concentration
inside the cell is higher than that of the solute solution outside.
Hypertonic solutionsgain wate1:After osmosis occurs, the solute
concentrations inside and outside the cell reach equilibrium
(seeFigure 8.8B). At this point, the cytoplasm and the solution
outside the cell are considered isotonic to one another. This
means they have the same concentration of solutes.
Iirimi:;IU The top cell (A) is in a solution that is
hypotonic to the cytoplasm. The bottom cell (8) is
in a solution that is isotonic with the cytoplasm. In this
case, the membrane is permeable to water but not to
the solute molecules.
Look up the meaningsof the words "gradient"and
"grade"in a dictionary.Brainstorma list of otherwords
beginningwith "grad-" and write them in your notebook.
Whatsimilar conceptsunitethe words' meanings?

Chapter 8 Dynamic Cells. MHR 299

 The smallsizeof living cellsmakesit difficult to observeosmosisoccurring acrosstheir
membranes.However,you canmakea model of a cell to study osmosis.You will use
dialysistubing asthe membraneof a model cell. Dialysistubing is semi-permeable,
allowing osmosisbut not the diffusion of starchmolecules.As water flows into or out
of the model cell, the volume of the cell changes.As well, if iodine and starchinteract,
the solution will turn black.In this investigation,you will conductan experimentto
determinehow soluteconcentrationinsideand outsidethe cell affectsosmosis.

Question
How doessolute concentration inside and outside a model cell affect the
direction and amount of osmosis?

Hypothesis Fortipsondesigning
scientific
Fonnulate a hypothesisabout how different solute concentrationswould experiments,
turnto SkillFocus5.
affect the direction of osmosisacrossa semi-penneablemembrane.

, Safety Precautions ~ m n eI Materials

. Do not eat or drink anything in the science laboratory. tape or labelsfor beakers
. Iodine can stain. Wear gloves when handling it and 3 pieces of dialysis tubing
avoid getting it on your skin or clothes. (approximately 15 cm long)
string
Apparatus starch solutions(150g/L and 300 g/L)
3 250 mL glass beakers or large jars water
graduated cylinder iodine solution
analytical balance paper towels

.
timer or watch

Procedure While holding the dialysistubingunder

0 Create a table such as the one shown below running water, open it by rubbing it between

. before beginning your investigation.

Label the beakers as Starch Solution 1 (150 g/L),

Starch Solution 2 (300 g/L), and Control. Fill ..
your fingers. Use the string to tie one end of
the dialysis tubing closed.

Fill one dialysis tube with 25 mL of Starch

eachbeakertwo-thirds full of distilled water. Solution 1. Twist the open end of the tube and
Add a few drops of iodine to the water until tighdy tie it closed.Rinse the tube with water
it turns pale yellow. and dry it using a paper towel.

~
300 MHR . Unit 3 Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
,

0 Repeatstep 3 and createtwo more model cells,

one tube filled with Starch Solution 2 and a

t .
secondfilled with distilled water.

Use the balanceto measure the initial massof

your model cells. Record the measurementsand
any observations of colour in your data table.
(Initial observationsare recorded at time = 0.)
'8
Note: You will need to calculate the difference
betweenthe initial massand the massrecorded
at eachsubsequenttime point. Sincethe density
of water is 1 g/mL, you can then determine the
volume of water lost or gained by the cell.

8 Immersethe modelcellsin the appropriately

labelledbeaker.The cellsshouldbe completely
underwater.
0 Basedon your hypothesis,predict what will
happento the model cells when the solute
concentration inside the cell differs from the
solute concentration outside the cell.

. After 15 mins record the colour of the starch

solution and the water in eachbeaker.Remove
the model cells from the water. Use a paper
towel to dry the outside of the cells and
measure their mass.

~ Repeatstep 9 after 30 min, 60 min and,

if possible,again after leaving your model
f 1

t cells overnight.

Chanter 8 Dvnamic Cells. MHR 301

 Osmosis in Living Cells
Maintaining water balanceacrossthe cell membraneis vital for
cell survival. Too much or too little water can kill a cell. When
cells are placedin an environment in which the concentration
of solutesis different from that in the cytoplasm,water diffuses
acrossthe cell membrane by,osmosis.If the water concentration
outside the cell is high relative to the inside, water flows into
the cell by osmosis.This occurswhen cellsare placedin distilled
water.As water flows in by osmosis,the cellsswell and may burst
asshownin Figure 8.9A In plant cells,the cell wall canwithstand
the pressurefrom the uptake of water. This resistancecreates
turgor pressure,an internal force that keepsplant structuresfinn.
When the cells are placed in strong salt water, as in Figure 8.9B,
the solution outside the cells is hypertonic to the cytoplasm.In
this case,the chargedsalt ions cannot diffuse into the cell, but
water diffusesout. As cells lose water, they may shrink and lose
their shape.Eventually, they may die. The sameis true for plant
cells (seeFigure 8.9C).

Facilitated Diffusion
Water, oxygen,and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the cell
~embrane. Other substancescannot passthrough on their own.
For example,glucosemoleculesare too big to squeezebetween
the phospholipid moleculesof the membrane.Yet, somehow,
glucosemust be transportedthrough the cellslining the intestine
in order to reach the blood and other cells of the body. Ions,
although very small, are also unable to crossthe membraneby
simple diffusion. Their charge causesthem to be repelled by
the hydrophobic tails of membranephospholipids, as shown
in Figure 8.10.

noncharged molecule
~ ..H2O
---r charged ions
macromolecule(;j Wi
8/
e
~

cell -
membrane

'6> &,
~ Howmolecules
crossthe cell membrane. Thecurvedarrowsfor
the macromoleculeandchargedions indicatethat thesesubstancescannot
crossthe plasmamembrane withouthelp.Theback-and-forth arrowsfor the
noncharged moleculeandwaterindicatethat thesesubstances
canfreelycross
the cell membrane.

302 MHR . Unit 3 Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

How do glucose,ions, and other substancesthat cannot crossthe membraneby pidYou Know? " 1
simplediffusion get in and out of the cell? Transport proteins are membrane Cysticfibrosisis a geneticdisorder.
proteins that help move materials acrossthe membrane.The use of transport This diseaseinvolvesfaultychannel
proteins to aid, or facilitate, the diffusion of particles acrossthe cell membrane proteins,whichcausesomeions
to build up insidecells,and other
is called facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion alwaysoccurs down a ionsto build up outsidecells.As
concentrationgradient. Sincethe interaction betweenthe particlesand tbeir a result,water movesout of the
transport proteins provides enough energy to causetheir diffusion through mucouslayerthat coatsand
the membrane, facilitated diffusion is considereda type of passivetransport. protectsthe body'spassageways
and into the cells by osmosis.The
Transport proteins have three-dimensional shapesthat make them highly mucousleft behindis unusually
selective.These proteins recognize atoms or moleculesby theIr shape,size, thick and sticky.In the lungs,
and electrical charge.Just as a key fits only a certain lock, transport proteins the thick mucousinterfereswith
breathingandtrapsdisease-causing
move only certainparticles.Carrier proteinsand channelproteinsare two types
bacteriathat would normallybe
of transport proteins.A particular carrier protein (Figure 8.11) facilitatesthe coughedup. In the intestines,
diffusion of glucoseacrossthe cell membrane.A molecule of glucosefits into the mucousinterfereswith the
a groove on the carrier protein. This causesthe protein's shapeto change. absorptionof nutrients.
As the protein moves,it releasesthe glucosemolecule on the other side
of the membrane.

W"mIiIlaD Thesecarrier
proteinsarespecificfor
glucose.Carrierproteins
changeshapeto allowcertain
moleculesto crossthe cell
membrane.

Some transport proteins form tunnel-like pores in the membrane.

The pores created by these channel proteins (Figure 8.12) are filled
with water. When the pores are open, they allow charged ions in and
out of the cell.

Active Transport
Sometimes, the direction of a concentration gradient is opposite to the
direction in which transport is needed. For example, there are times when
you have to use energy to ride your bicycle uphill. Cells, too, must
sometimes use energy to transport certain materials acrosstheir membranes.
This is called active transport. ~ Channelproteinsprovide
Cells use active transport when they have to work against a concentration water-filled passagesthrough which
small dissolved ions can diffuse.
gradient. For example, root cells require minerals from the soil. However,
as Figure 8.13 on the next page shows, the roots may already contain a higher
concentration of minerals than the surrounding soil. In this case,the minerals
cannot move into the root cells by passive transport. Cells must expend
energy to pump the minerals against the concentration gradient. The energy
is used by membrane transport proteins, which bind to the minerals and
move them across the membrane.

Chapter8 DynamicCells. MHR 303

 Active transport helps cells maintain an
~ internal environment that is different from
cell membrane
soil their external environment. As in the case
mineral of root cells, many cells must concentrate
"
'"
nutrients for growth or other cell activities.
In addition, many of the cell'swasteproducts
are highly toxic. They must be removed
root and discarded outside the cell.
...cell
...
Cells are not limited to using only one
processto move materials acrosstheir
carrier molecule" minAr~1
... .-"-. membranes.Can you identify the types of
Plantrootcellsuseactivetransportto takein mineralsfrom transport that are occurring acrossthe cell
thesurrounding soil.Because therearealreadymoremineralsin the root membranein Figure 8.14?
cellsthanin the wateraroundthe roots,the rootcellsrelyon carrier
molecules andenergyto moveadditionalmineralsintothe root cells.

Passiveandactivetransportboth
allowmaterials to crossthecell Endocytosis and Exocytosis
membrane, yettheydo so by
differentmeans.Howarethese Passiveand active transport move a wide range of substancesacrossthe cell
twotransportmechanisms similar membrane.However, somemolecules,such as cholesterol, cannot dissolvein
anddifferent? Maketwolists water. Diffusion is impossible for such molecules.Other materials (e.g., large
to compare activeandpassive
transport.Usingyournotesas protein moleculesand bacterial cells) are too large to crossmembraneseven
a reference,createa posterthat if carrier proteins are used.
illustrates
thestepsinvolved in Cells take in substancesthat can't be moved by passiveor active transport
activeandpassive transport.
Be
through endocytosis. In this process,the cell membraneforms a pocket around
sureto highlight thesimilarities
anddifferences oftheseprocesses. the material to be transported. The membranefolds in and enclosesthe item
Yourpostershouldaddress the in a sphere.The spheretypically pinches off as a vesicle, which transports its

..
followingtopics:
cellmembrane structures
contents to other locations within the cell. Or the spheremay form a vacuole,
which actsasa storagesite for the ingestedmaterial. Somesingle-celledorgan-
.. typeof materials transported
directionof transport isms, such as the amoebapictured in Figure 8.15, take in food by endocytosis.

.
.
concentration
equilibrium
consumption
gradients

of energy
When cells "eat" by taking in large particles or other cells, the type of
endocytosisis calledphagocytosis (seeFigure 8.16A).When cells "drink" by
(
taking in droplets of fluid, the processis called pinocytosis (seeFigure 8.16B).

304 MHR . Unit 3 Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

~
 ~ Theamoebashownhereis engulfinga
food particlewith its cell membrane. As endocytosis
proceeds, the membrane beginsto surroundthe Whatarethemeanings of the
particle.Whenthe leadingedgesof the membrane prefixes"endo-"and"exo-"?
meet,theyfuse,anda spherepinchesoff fromthe Howdotheyrelateto the
processes of endocytosis
and
membrane. Theresultingvesicleentersthecytoplasm.
exocytosis? Whataresomeother
A lysosomemayfusewith the vesicle,andrelease wordsthatusetheseprefixes?
digestiveenzymes. Makea list in yournotebook.

IiIiIm!Al!I A Phagocytosisis used by cells to ingest food or other solids. B In pinocytosis,the

cell membranesurrounds droplets of fluid. A portion of the membranepinches off, forming a
vesicle.C Exocytosisis used to dispose of wastes or secretecell products. The membraneof
the vesicle fuses with the cell membraneand the contents are releasedto the outside of the cell.

Membrane proteins can assistin endocytosis.Proteins called receptors

protrude from the membrane surface.Like antennae,the receptors detect
specific compoundsor cells in their environment. When a receptor identifies
an item for transport, the receptor binds it and triggers endocytosis.Cells use
this process,calledreceptor-mediated endocytosis, to takein moleculessuch
as cholesterol. As shown in Figure 8.17, virus particles, such as the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can also enter cells by receptor-mediated
endocytosis.In a sense,HIV "tricks" the cell into transporting it inside by
binding to receptorsspecializedfor transport of other molecules.
Cells must disposeof wastes,aswell as take in food. Exocytosis is the ~ HIV is too large
reverseof endocytosis.Exocytosisallows the materials stored in vesicles to cross the cell membraneby
\ and vacuolesto exit the cell. In this diffusion or by passiveor active
transport. Instead,HIV interacts
mechanism,the membrane of the with receptorson the cell's
vesicleor vacuole fuseswith the surface,causingthe cell to take
cell membrane,and the stored in the virus by receptor-mediated
contentsare releasedasshown endocytosis.Eventually,HIV may
in Figure 8.16C. Exocytosisis replicateinsidethe cell.
especiallyimportant in cells
that specializein the secretion
. of cell products, such as
enzymesand hormones.

Chapter8 DynamicCells. MHR 305


A reverseosmosis
filtrationsystem.
Pause&
Re..ect
m;;;;a;- ~G..G""I
Manyindustriesproducelarge
volumesof contaminatedwater.
Watertreatmentplantscleansome
wastewater beforeit is released
into the environment.However,
industriesare allowedto let a
certainamountof untreatedwater
leakdirectlyinto lakesand rivers.
This contaminated watercan reach
the groundwaterand harm organ-
ismsthat comeinto contactwith
it. Howcould waterpurification
systemsbe appliedto minimize
environmentaldamagecausedby
industrialwastewater?Suggest
somepossibilitiesin your notebook.
pump blood
blood
flow
freshdJaiYSate
~ Asthepatient'sbloodis pumpedthroughdialysis smoking, drugs to prevent motion sickness, pain reducers,
tubing,it is exposedto a dialysate(dialysissolution).Wastes and hormones to correct some hormone imbalances.
exitfrom bloodintothe solutionbecauseof a pre-established
concentration gradient.Bloodis not onlycleansed,but its
water-saltandacid-basebalancecanalsobeadjusted.
306 MHR . Unit 3 Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
Membranes at Work
The value of semi-penneablemembranesextendsfar beyond their role in
living cells.A variety of technologicaland medicalapplicationsalsousediffusion
and selectivetransport acrossmembranes.
Water Purification
Reverse osmosis is used to purify water. In this process,water is filtered
through an artificial membranecontaining very fine pores. The pores are
large enough to allow water to passthrough. However, larger particles,
such as bacteria,salts,and other dissolvedmolecules,cannot passthrough.
Pressureis usedto force contanlinatedwater through the membrane.The water
collectedon the other side of the membranecontainsfar fewer impurities than
before being filtered. Reverseosmosisfiltratration systems,such as the one in
Figure 8.18, are commonly usedin Canadato purify drinking water.
I
Kidney Dialysis
Blood carries oxygen,nutrients, and wastesto and from the cells of the
~
body. Wastesthat accumulatein the blood must be eliminated. But valuable
substances,such asproteins, glucose,amino acids,and certain ions, must be
retained.The kidneysfilter the blood and regulateits solute and water content.
Damagedkidneys do not filter the blood properly and wastescan build up
to toxic, even fatal, levels.Patients with failing kidneys must receivea kidney
transplant,or be treatedby filtering their blood through an artificial membrane.
In kidney dialysis, as shown in Figure 8.19, the patient's blo~d is pumped
through tubing made from a synthetic, semi-permeablemembrane.The
membrane,called dialysis tubing, is immersed in a salt solution with a
concentration similar to blood, but which doesnot contain wastes.Poresin
the tubing allow small dissolvedwastemoleculesto diffuse out of the blood
while retaining large proteins and blood cells. Becausesalts and water are in
equilibrium betweenthe blood and the salt solution that bathesthe tubing,
there is no loss of saltsand water from the blood.
Controlled Delivery of Medications
Medicines bring us many health benefits. However,
semi-permeable providing the right dosage and maintaining a medication
tubing
- dialysate at constant levels in the body can be difficult. The use of
flow semi-permeable membranes is one way to deliver some
medications in a safe, controlled manner. The medications
dialysate
can be placed in a flat transdennal patch that sticks to
the skin. A semi-permeable membrane lining the inner
surface of the patch allows the drugs to diffuse out of
the patch at a slow, constant rate.
The medications must be able to diffuse through the
skin to reach the blood. Therefore, this technology is most
u8eddialysate (contains effective with medications that passeasily through the skin.
urea and excess salts) These medications include nicotine for help in quitting
 Another method of delivering medications uses artificial vesicles, called
liposomes (seeFigure 8.20). Some liposomes have been developed that transport
medications safely from one part of the body to another. Liposomes are used to
transport anti-cancer medications to tumours in some cancer patients.

Section 8.2 Summary ..

Cell membranescontrol movement of moleculesin and out of the cell. Most

substancesare moved by passiveor activetransport. In passivetransport, the
cell doesnot expendenergy to move moleculesacrossthe membrane.Passive
transport includes diffusion, osmosis,and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport is necessarywhen the concentration gradient is opposite
to the direction in which the transport is needed.Active transport requires
the output of energy. ~ Liposomes arenon-
Moleculestoo large to be transportedby carrier proteinsare movedin and out toxic,whichmakesthemuseful
of the cell by the formation of vesiclesin processes
of endocytosisand exocytosis. for deliveringmedications
throughoutthe body.

Check Your Understanding

1. (a) Write a definition for diffusion. Pause&
(b) Describe how diffusion occurs, using the particle model of matter ~ Reflect
to support your explanation.
Oneof thewaysactivetransport
2. (a) Distinguish between osmosisand diffusion. differsfrompassivetransportis
(b) Compare what makesosmosisand diffusion similar. thatit movesparticles
againsta
concentration
gradientratherthan
3. Explain why facilitated diffusion is considereda form of passivetransport, downa concentration gradient.In
even though it requires the use of membraneproteins. yournotebook,explainhowactive
transportmightaffectequilibrium
4. List four waysin which semi-permeablemembranesare used in medical, acrossthecellmembrane.
industrial, or other applications.
5. Thinking Critically Paramecium,a single-celled fresh-water organism,
takesin water by osmosis.Parameciumusesan organellecalled a contractile
vacuoleto remove excesswater from the cell.
(a) Describe what would happen to Parameciumif it did not have
a contractile vacuole.
(b) Predict the effect of placing Parameciumin salt water.
6. Apply
(a) Design an experiment to find out if a fluorescent dye can pass
through a cell membrane.
(b) Assuming the fluorescent dye could passthrough a cell membrane,
how would you determine if the dye was transported by active or
passivetransport?
7. Thinking Critically When materialsenterthe cell by passiveor active
transport,thesematerialsliterally crossthroughthe cell membrane.Can
the samebe saidof materialsthat enterthe cell by phagocytosis?
Explain
your answer.
8. Apply A researcherwants to use bacteria to make a protein that will be
addedto food. How can the researcheruse a semi-permeablemembrane
to obtain a pure sampleof the protein?

Chapter8 DynamicCells. MHR 307