Particulate/Kinetic Theory of

Matter

1. What does the

particulate/ kinetic
theory of matter
states?
2. What is diffusion?
1
Kinetic Theory of Matter

 The
Particulate Theory of Matter(CSEC Chemi
stry) Part 1 - YouTube

2
Kinetic Theory of Matter

There are four main ideas

behind:
1.All matter is composed of
particles
2.The particles are in constant
motion and temperature affects
their speed of motion
3
Kinetic Theory of Matter

3. The particles have

empty spaces between
them
4. The particles have
forces of attraction
between them
4
Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of

particles from a region of
higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration
until the particles are evenly
distributed.
5
Diffusion in Gas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZUM
C3tEL0M

6
Diffusion in Gas

7
Diffusion

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/
diffusion/latest/diffusion_en.html

8
Diffusion in liquids

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWj
Tk8V1NhM

9
Diffusion in liquids

10
Osmosis

This is the movement of

water molecules through a
differentially permeable
membrane from a solution
containing a lot of water
molecules.
11
Osmosis

12
Osmosis

 The membrane of a living cell is

differentially permeable and the
cytoplasm inside the cells
contains about 80% water.
 What will happen to Irish potato
strips if it is placed in water?

13
Osmosis

 The membrane of a living cell is

differentially permeable and the
cytoplasm inside the cells
contains about 80% water.
 What will happen to Irish potato strips if it is
placed in distilled water?
 What will happen to Irish potato strips if it is
placed in concentrated sodium chloride solution?

14
Osmosis

 What will happen to Irish potato strips if it

is placed in distilled water?
 Water molecules will
move into the cells by
osmosis. Each strip swells
slightly, increases in length
and becomes rigid.
15
Osmosis

 What will happen to Irish potato strips if it

is placed in concentrated sodium chloride
solution?
 Water molecules will
move out of the cells by
osmosis. Each strip will
shrink slightly, decreases in
length and becomes softer. 16
Extended Learning

1. How is osmosis used

to:
-control garden pests
-preserve food

17
Uses of Osmosis

To control garden pests

Slugs and snails are garden pests, whose
skin is differentially permeable and always
moist. When salt (sodium chloride) is
sprinkled on slugs and snails, it dissolves in
the moisture around their bodies forming a
concentrated solution. The slugs and snails
die rom dehydration if their bodies lose
more water than they can tolerate. 18
To preserve food

Salt and sugar are used to preserve foods

such as meat, fish and fruit. They both
work in the same way:
They draw water out of the cells of the
food by osmosis. This prevents the food
from decaying because there is no water
available in the cells for the chemical
reactions which cause the decay.
19
 They draw water out of microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi) by osmosis. This
prevents the food from decaying
because it inhibits the growth of the
microorganisms that cause the decay.

Chumbler - Properties of Matter 20

Types of particles that make
up matter
There are three different types of particles
that make up matter.
Atoms

Atoms are the smallest units of a

chemical element which have all the
characteristics of the element. For
example: iron is made of iron atoms, Fe.

21
 Molecules
Molecules are groups of two or more atoms
bonded together and which can exist on their
own. Molecules may be made up of atoms of
the same kind, e.g. hydrogen molecules, H2,
are made up of hydrogen atoms, H.
Molecules may also be made up of atoms of
different kinds, e.g. carbon dioxide
molecules, CO2, are made up of carbon
atoms, C, and oxygen atoms, O. 22
 Ions
Ions are electrically charged particles.
Ions may be formed from a single atom,
e.g. the potassium ion, K+. They may
also be formed from groups of two or
more atoms bonded together, e.g. the
nitrate ion, NO3-.
23
Complete the following

 https://www.liveworksheets.com/vg1274
882uj

Chumbler - Properties of Matter 24

Class Activity

1. Give four main ideas behind the particulate

theory of matter.
2. Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis
3. By referring to particles, explain why:
- when a crystal of red food fell into a beaker of
water, after a while all the water became red.
- when a strip o potato was placed into a
concentrated sucrose (sugar) solution it decreased
in length.
4. Explain how sodium chloride (salt) works to
preserve fish.
25
Physical Properties of Matter
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape  Fixed  Takes the shape of the

 Takes the shape of the
part of the container it is
entire container it is in.
in. The surface is always
horizontal.

Volume  Fixed Fixed  Variable. It expands to

fill the container it is in. 

Density  Usually high Usually lower than solids  Low 

Compressibility  Difficult to Can be compressed very Very easy to compress 

compress slightly by applying
pressure 

Arrangement of particles  Packed closely  Have small spaces  Have large spaces
together, usually in between and are between and are
a regular way randomly arranged randomly arranged.

26
Physical Properties of Matter
Forces of attraction  Strong  Weaker than those Very weak 
between the particles between the particles in
a solid

Energy possessed by the  Possess very small  Possess more kinetic Possess large amounts of
particles amounts of kinetic energy than the particles kinetic energy 
energy in a solid

Movement of the  Vibrate in their  Move slowly past each  Move around freely and
particles fixed position other rapidly

27
Mini Experiment

1. An empty water bottle will be filled with hot

water. The water will be swirled around to
make the bottle hot and then poured out.
2. The bottle will be 1/4 filled with hot water
and a balloon will be placed over the top.
3. A bowl will then be filled with ice water, and
the bottle will be placed in the bowl.
4. The students will observe and record
observations. 28
Questions from experiment

1. What happened to the balloon when the bottle

was placed into the cold water?
2. What happened to the balloon when the bottle
was placed into the hot water?
3. What happened to the air (gas) in the bottle
when it was placed in the cold ice water/hot water?
4. What caused this change in the gas in the
bottle/balloon?
5. What happened to the water in the bottle if more
heat was removed?
29
Changing States

Matter can exist in any of the

three states depending on its
temperature. It can change
from one state to another by
heating or cooling, as this
causes a change in the kinetic
energy and arrangement of the
particles. 30
 When a solid is heated, it usually
changes state to a liquid and then to
a gas. This occurs because the
particles gain kinetic energy, move
increasingly faster and further apart,
and the forces of attraction between
them become increasingly weaker.

31
 When a gas is cooled, it usually
changes state to a liquid and then to
a solid. This occurs because the
particles lose kinetic energy, move
more and more slowly and closer
together, and the forces of attraction
between them become increasingly
stronger.
32
Diagram showing changing state

33
 Evaporation vs. Boiling

Evaporation and boiling are different in

the following ways:
Evaporation can take place at any
temperature, whereas boiling occurs at
a specific temperature.
Evaporation takes place at the surface
of the liquid only, whereas boiling takes
place throughout the liquid. 34
Substances which sublimate (or sublime)
change directly from a solid to a gas. The
reverse process in which a gas changes
directly to a solid is called deposition.
Substances that sublime include:
carbon dioxide (‘dry ice’)

iodine

naphthalene (‘camphor ball’ or ‘moth

ball’) 35
Heating Curve

A heating curve is drawn

when the temperature of a
solid is measured at intervals
as it is heated and changes
state to a liquid and then to a
gas, and the temperature is
then plotted against time.
36
Cooling Curve

A cooling curve is drawn

when the temperature of a gas
is measured at intervals as it is
cooled and changes state to a
liquid and then to a solid, and
the temperature is then plotted
against time. 37
Heating or Cooling Curves

38
Melting, Freezing and Boiling Points
Melting Point
This is the constant temperature at which a
solid changes state to a liquid.
Boiling Point
This is the constant temperature at which a
liquid changes state to a gas.
Freezing Point
This is the constant temperature at which a
liquid changes state to a solid.
 NB- The melting and freezing points of any pure substances have
the same value.
39
Revision Questions

1. By considering the arrangement of particles in each

substance, explain why:
a.nitrogen gas is very easy to compress

b.a solid lump of lead has a fixed shape

2. Water can exist as solid ice, liquid water and gaseous

steam. Explain the difference between these three states
in terms of the arrangement of their particles, the
movement of their particles and the forces of attraction
between their particles.
3. State two differences between evaporation and
boiling.
4. What happens when a substance sublimes? 40