The 

octet
rule refers to the
tendency of atoms
to prefer to have
eight electrons in
the valence shell.
When atoms have
fewer than eight
electrons, they tend
to react and form
more stable
compounds.
In an IONIC bond,
electrons are lost or gained (transferred).

This resulting in the formation of IONS

in ionic compounds.

K F
K F
K F
K F
K F
K F
K F
 + _
K F
 + _
K F
The compound potassium fluoride
consists of potassium (K+) ions
-
and fluoride (F ) ions
 +
_
K F
The ionic bond is the attraction
between the positive K+ ion
-
and the negative F ion
We can’t forget about Metallic Bonds either.
• A metallic bond forms when electrons are
shared between two metallic ions.

• Metallic bonds are formed from the attraction

between mobile electrons and fixed,
positively charged metallic ions.
So
what
are
covalent
bonds?
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).

But rather than losing or gaining

electrons,
In a covalent bond atoms now
share an electron pair.
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
But rather than losing or gaining
electrons,
atoms now share an electron pair.

The shared electron pair

is called a bonding pair
Chlorine

Cl2
forms
a
covalent
bond
with
itself
 How
will
Cl Cl two
chlorine
atoms
react?
 Cl Cl
Each chlorine atom wants to
gain one electron to achieve an octet
 Cl Cl
Neither atom will give up an electron –
chlorine is highly electronegative.
What’s the solution – what can they
do to achieve an octet?
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
octet
 Cl Cl
octet

circle the electrons for

each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
This is the bonding pair

circle the electrons for

each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
It is a single bonding pair

circle the electrons for

each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
It is called a SINGLE BOND

circle the electrons for

each atom that completes
their octets
 Structural Formula for Chlorine

Cl Cl
Single bonds are abbreviated
with a dash

circle the electrons for

each atom that completes
their octets
 Cl Cl
This is the chlorine molecule,
Cl2
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
 O2
Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules
 O O
How will two oxygen atoms bond?
 O O
Each atom has two unpaired electrons
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
 O O
Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
 O O
Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
O O
O O
O O
O O
 O O
Both electron pairs are shared.
O O
6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
 O O
6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
 O O
two bonding pairs,
making a double bond
 Structural Formula for O2

O O O =O
For convenience, the double bond
can be shown as two dashes.
 O =O
This is the oxygen molecule, this
is so

O2 cool!!
 Let’s Review

• Ionic Bonds form when electrons are transferred

between metals and non-metals. Ionic Compounds are
brittle and have high melting points.

• Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between

two non-metals. Covalent Compounds have lower
melting points, do not conduct electricity, and are softer.

• Metallic Bonds form when electrons move freely

between two metal ions. Metallic compounds are
malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity.
 QuestionsQ
Predict and draw the type of chemical bonds in
each case:
a.NaCl
b.F2
c.Li2O
d.CO2
e.Mg3N2
Distinction between ionic and simple
molecular solids
 What is the link between
these images?
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End

Do you know anything about the bonding,

properties or uses of these structures?
 Today you will The structures and bonding in
LEARN: allotropes of carbon

Why ? To understand their properties and

uses

Progress will be demonstrated by showing You can :-

determine suitable
uses for diamond
and graphite,
You can:- relate based on their
the properties to the properties
You can :- structure and bonding
describe the structure in graphite and
and bonding in diamond
diamond and graphite
 What term do we use to
describe these different forms
of carbon?
Allotropes
NB: Carbon is not the only element with
allotropes!
An allotrope is…

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End
An allotrope is… a different form
of an element
 Structure and bonding of diamond
• What kind of bonding holds the atoms together?
• Strong covalent bonds.
• What is the name given to this kind of structure?
• Giant covalent structure
• How many other carbon atoms is each carbon atom bonded to,
and what do we call this arrangement of atoms?
• Four atoms, tetrahedral structure
• One property of diamond is that it is very hard. What is another
property?
• High melting point
• Why does diamond have these particular properties?
• The atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds that
require a lot of energy to break.
• Would diamond conduct electricity?
• No, there are no free electrons to carry charge.
 Structure and bonding of graphite

• What kind of bonding holds the atoms together?

• Strong covalent bonds.

• What is holding the layers together?

• Van der Waals forces.

• How many other carbon atoms is each carbon atom bonded to?
• Three

• Each carbon atom had four electrons available for bonding.

How many of these electrons are used up in the bonding in the
layers? Three
 Uses of diamond

• What are some uses of diamond?

• Drill/cutting tools, jewellery

• What property of diamonds makes it useful for this purpose?

• They are very hard, so can cut through anything, and they
do not wear down easily.

• What is a problem with using diamonds in this way?

• They are very expensive and rare.
 Structure and bonding of graphite
• What name is given to the electrons that are not used in
bonding, and where are they located in the graphite structure?
• They are delocalised electrons and are found between the
layers

• What property do these electrons give graphite, and why?

• Graphite can conduct electricity because the delocalised
electrons can carry a current through the whole structure.

• Graphite is soft, explain what part of the structure and bonding

causes this.
• The layers are weakly held together and easily slide over
each other
 Uses of graphite

• Graphite is used in lubricants for machinery. Why can graphite

be used in this way?
• The layers in graphite are weakly held together and can
easily slip over each other. This would allow machinery
parts to slip past each other if graphite was a lubricant.

• State another use for graphite, and explain why it is suitable for
use in this way.
• Pencils, as the graphite layers can easily slip past each
other and stick to the paper.
Questions
 Quick Quiz

What kind of bonds are there between atoms in

diamond?

1.Ionic
2.Covalent
3.Van der Waals
 Quick Quiz

What kind of bonds are there between atoms in

diamond?

1.Ionic
2.Covalent
3.Van der Waals
 Quick Quiz

What bonding holds the layers together in graphite?

1.Ionic
2.Covalent
3.Van der Waals forces
 Quick Quiz

What holds the layers together in graphite?

1.Ionic
2.Covalent
3.Van der Waals forces
 Quick Quiz

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

1.Because it is a metal
2.Because it has delocalised electrons
3.Because the layers can move over each other
 Quick Quiz

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

1.Because it is a metal
2.Because it has delocalised electrons
3.Because the layers can move over each other
 Quick Quiz

What is the arrangement of atoms in diamond called?

1.Tetrahedral
2.Ionic lattice
3.Pentahedral
 Quick Quiz

What is the arrangement of atoms in diamond called?

1.Tetrahedral
2.Ionic lattice
3.Pentahedral
 Revision Questions
1. Outline the contribution of each of the following scientists to the development of the periodic table:
a. Johann Dobereiner
b. Dmitri Mendeleev
2. What are the features on which the arrangement of elements in the modern periodic table is based?
3. The electronic configuration of an atom of element X is 2,8,5. Give the group number and period number of the element X.
4. Why do elements form compounds?
5. Determine the formula of EACH of the following compounds and state how each would be bonded: 
a. Zinc chloride
b. Silicon tetrafluoride
c. Ammonium carbonate
d. Potassium sulfate
e. Magnesium phosphate
f. Carbon disulfide
g. Aluminium hydroxide
6. Use the dot and cross diagram to show how each of the following compounds is formed. Show all electron shells in a and b, and only the
valence electrons in c and d.  
a. Sodium oxide
b. Phosphorus trifluoride
c. Calcium nitride

d. Methane (CH4)
•