CHEMICAL

BONDS
The “glue” holding atoms together in a
compound or molecule
•
• OCTET
•
RULE
• In forming compounds, atoms lose, gain or share
electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration
for each atom.
• For example:

Na: 1s22s22p63s1
loses 1 electron to become
Na+: 1s22s22p6 to “mimic”
Ne: 1s22s22p6

O: 1s22s22p4 “shares” 2 electron

to “mimic” Ne: 1s22s22p6
 Types of Bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
oPolar covalent
oNonpolar covalent
 Ionic Compounds

In an IONIC bond, electrons are lost or gained,

resulting in the formation of IONS
in ionic compounds.

Na Cl
 +
_
The ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between the
positive Na+ ion
and the negative Cl- ion

+ Cl-
Na
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ByNROf8v-Q
Each Na+ is bonded to All the ions in the
- whole crystal are
more than one Cl ion, part of one single
-
and each Cl is
bonded unit.
bonded to more than
one Na+ ion

NaCl is the smallest

whole number ratio of NaCl is the
sodium and chloride formula unit for
ions in the crystal. the sodium
chloride crystal.
 IONIC BONDS
• Form between atoms of metallic and
nonmetallic elements
• A transfer of electrons results in positive &
negative ions that are attracted to each
other.
• Properties of Ionic Compounds
o Soluble in water
o Conduct electric current in the molten state (melted) as
well as in solution (electrolytes)
o Have high melting points (need to break crystalline
structure)
 Covalent Bonding
nMolecule – a neutral group of atoms joined
together by covalent bonds
nElectrons are shared by both atoms
nElectronpairs form a bond
nBoth atoms achieve an octet in their outermost
orbital
 COVALENT BONDS
• Covalent bonds generally form between
atoms of nonmetallic elements
• They are formed by sharing of electrons
pairs
• Covalent compounds
o have low solubilities
o do not conduct electric current in solution
o have lower melting points

• When two or more atoms bond covalently, they

are called a molecule
Ionic Compounds vs. Molecular
Compounds
 IONIC or COVALENT
BOND?
• How can we determine which type of
bond will form between atoms?
•

• By the electronegativity of each

atom
o Ability of an atom to attract
electrons
BONDING and ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• ELECTRONEGATIVITY
o The ability of an atom to attract electrons and thus forming
chemical bonds.

In
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Increasing electronegativity
HOW TO DETERMINE BOND TYPE
• Subtract the electronegativity values
of the 2 atoms
• IONIC BOND
o Large difference in electronegativity ( > 2.00)

• COVALENT BOND
o Small difference in electronegativity (0.0 to 1.99)
o Two types of covalent:

• Nonpolar covalent (difference = 0.0 –

0.4)
• Polar covalent (difference = 0.5 –
1.99)
 POLARITY
• Nonpolar covalent bond
o Both atoms have equal pull on the
electron pair
o Electronegativity difference = 0.0 –
0.4
o
• Example: H – H
 POLARITY
• Polar Covalent a bond formed by an unequal
sharing of a pair of electrons
o One atom has a stronger pull on the electron pair than the other
atom(s)
o The more electronegative atom acquires a slightly negative charge
( -)
o The less electronegative atom acquires a slightly positive charge(+)
o Electronegativity difference = 0.5 – 1.99
o + -
o
• Examples: H Cl
 BOND STRENGTH
The greater the difference in electronegativity,
•

the greater the bond strength

•

Bond Electronegativity Bond Type

Difference
C – Cl
H – Br
Cl – Cl
Ca – Cl
 Diatomic Molecules
• Diatomic Molecule – a molecule with 2 atoms of
the same element
• Nonpolar
• H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2
o
 Electron-Dot Structures
• The electron-dot structures provide a simple,
but useful, way of representing chemical
bonds.

•
• Ionic:

•
•
• Covalent:
 Electron-Dot Structures
• Using electron-dot (Lewis) structures,
the valence electrons in an element
are represented by dots.
• .
•
• Lewis symbols
• Valence electrons are those electrons
with the highest principal quantum
number (n).
19
 +
_
Electron Dot Structure for Ionic compounds
(AKA Lewis Dot Structures)

+ Cl -
Na NaCl
+2 2 Cl-
Mg MgCl2
 Rules for Writing Electron Dot Structures for
Covalent Compounds
• 1. Add up the number of valence electrons
• 2. ID the central atom. Look for the least electronegative atom
o Hydrogen is never in the center.
o If only 2 atoms are present put them side by side.
• 3. Bond each of the other atoms to the central atom with single bonds.
o In the case of 2 atoms bond them together with a single bond
• 4. Complete valence shells of outside atoms.
o Hydrogen is complete with 2 valence electrons
• 5. Use remaining electrons to complete valence shell of central atom.
• 6. If you run out of electrons, form double or triple bonds.
• 7. If you have extra electrons, put them on the central atom.
Drawing Lewis-Dot Structures
• NH2F Amino Fluoride:
• Rule 1: Number of valence electrons = 5
+ (2 x 1) + 7 = 14
• Rule 2: Nitrogen is the central atom.
•
•
•

H N H H N H H N H
F F F
Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5
 Electron-Dot Structures

•Single Bonds: CH4

•

•
•Double Bonds: C2H6
•
•
•Triple Bonds:C2H2
•
Drawing Lewis-Dot Structures

24
 Resonance Structures
• How is the double bond formed in O3?
•
•
•

•
•
•
• The correct answer is that both are
correct,
but neither is correct by itself.
•
25
 Resonance Structures

• When multiple structures can be drawn, the

actual structure is an average of all
possibilities.
•
• The average is called a resonance hybrid. A
straight double-headed arrow indicates
resonance.
•
O O O O O O
 Formal Charge

• Formal Charge: Determines the best

resonance structure (s).
o Also determines valid resonance structure(s)
•
• We determine formal charge and
estimate the more accurate
representation.
•
 Formal Charge
• Formal charges as close to zero as possible.
• No positive on most electronegative atom
• Total of all formal charges must equal zero
o Except for polyatomic ions: Charges equal the charge of the ion
•

•
 Resonance Structures

• The nitrate ion, NO3–, has three equivalent

oxygen atoms, and its electronic structure is

a resonance hybrid of three electron-dot
structures. Draw them and assign formal
charges
•
 Draw these Electron-dot
Structures and assign formal
charges.
• Cl2

• O2

• N2

• CH3I

• C3H6
• SO2
• NO3–
• NCO–
• N2O
• O3
• CO32–
 Exceptions to the Octet
Rule
Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet
•Relatively rare.
•Molecules with less than an octet are typical for
compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A.
•Most typical example is BF3.
•Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure with
an incomplete octet is more important than the
ones with double bonds.
 Exceptions to the Octet
Rule
Central Atoms Having More than an Octet
•This is the largest class of exceptions.
•Atoms from the 3rd period onwards can
accommodate more than an octet.
•Beyond the third period, the d-orbitals are low
enough in energy to participate in bonding and
accept the extra electron density.
•