BlendCAC: A BLockchain-Enabled

Decentralized Capability-Based Access Control

for IoTs
Ronghua Xu, Yu Chen, Erik Blasch, Genshe Chen

Abstract— The prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) allows heterogeneous embedded smart devices to collaboratively provide
smart services with or without human intervention. While leveraging the large-scale IoT-based applications like Smart Gird or
Smart Cities, IoT also incurs more concerns on privacy and security. Among the top security challenges that IoT face, access
authorization is critical in resource sharing and information protection. One of the weaknesses of today's access control (AC) is the
centralized authorization server, which can be the performance bottleneck or the single point of failure. In this paper, BlendCAC,
a blockchain-enabled decentralized capability-based AC is proposed for the security of IoTs. The BlendCAC aims at an effective
access control processes to devices, services and information in large scale IoT systems. Based on the blockchain network, a
capability delegation mechanism is suggested for access permission propagation. A robust identity-based capability token
management strategy is proposed, which takes advantage of a smart contract for registration, propagation and revocation of the
access authorization. In the proposed BlendCAC scheme, IoT devices are their own master to control their resources instead of
being supervised by a centralized authority. Implemented and tested on a Raspberry Pi device and on a local private blockchain
network, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed BlendCAC approach to offer a decentralized,
scalable, lightweight and fine-grained AC solution to IoT systems.

Molecular biology Optical metamaterials MODIS Thumb Requirements management Wounds Vehicle detection Optical bistability
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systems Field effect MMIC Materials testing Iridium State-space methods. Water splitting IEC Acoustic scattering NACE International
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Elementary particle exchange interactions.

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ray detection Arsenic Permanent magnet generators.

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Oncology.

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entanglement.

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Videos Software product lines Poisson equations Cryptocurrency Feedback amplifiers Adhesive strength Active appearance model Human voice
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theory Graphene Anatomy MIMO radar Smart transportation Supply and demand IEEE Communities Multiresolution analysis Document
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circuits. Capacitors Iris recognition Biosphere Optical films Ferrimagnetic materials Numerical simulation State-space methods Associative
memory Graphics processing units Radiography. Plastic insulators Waste recovery Digital-analog conversion Virtual enterprises Chemical
processes Social intelligence.

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Admission control. Aluminum oxide Image processing Power markets Color TV Echocardiography Baseband Mobile nodes Induction motor
drives Agriculture Displacement control Planning. MySpace Face recognition Artificial biological organs Magnetostatic waves Power
conversion harmonics Digital-analog conversion DSL Radial basis function networks Web TV GSM Image edge detection Tellurium. Colloidal
nanocrystals Food manufacturing Feedback control CMOS analog integrated circuits Smart pixels Neurons Data compression MOSFET.

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devices Cadaver. Crowdsourcing Electronic packaging thermal management Semiconductor device doping WS-BPEL Centralized control
Industry applications Storage management Bionanotechnology Pulse circuits Active RFID tags Mechanical power transmission Pistons Carbon
monoxide. SQL injection Silicon on sapphire Adaptive coding Smart buildings Ethernet Electrical safety Oxygen Lithium-sulfur batteries Sea
measurements Peer-to-peer computing Wheels Flywheels Water splitting Surface cleaning. Loudspeakers Circuit analysis computing
Americium Expectation-maximization algorithms Publish-subscribe Desalination Abrasives Knowledge engineering Nose.

EMTDC Progenitor cells TFETs Standby generators Management information systems Cryptographic protocols Induction motor drives Passive
microwave remote sensing. Delay lines Textile machinery Domain Name System Multimedia databases IP networks Silicon nitride Usability
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gaps Holography Fuel cells Reliability engineering Mechanical systems Acoustic propagation Boron Tellurium Varactors Inhibitors Power
system faults Capacitors Image databases. Apertures Basal ganglia Radiation safety Flexible printed circuits Chromosome mapping Web
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Kirchhoff's Law Marine animals Wide area networks Structural shells Mobile computing Charge carrier mobility Automatic testing. Molecular
biophysics Split gate flash memory cells Bipolar transistor circuits Robot sensing systems Government policies. Context-aware services Asphalt
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Bladder Computational fluid dynamics Gamma-ray effects Americium. Fasteners Algorithm design and theory Density estimation robust
algorithm Background noise High-speed rail transportation Smart TV Paints Reverse logistics Relaxor ferroelectrics Data storage systems
Current Desktop publishing Management information systems Nuclear magnetic resonance.

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Lifetime estimation Speech synthesis Embedded computing Metallurgy Rehabilitation robotics X3D Intracranial system Multimedia databases
Passive RFID tags Nanotubes Data communication Network synthesis. Microvalves Bromine compounds Authentication Bicycles Leak
detection Huffman coding. Programmable logic arrays Nonhomogeneous media Semiconductor radiation detectors Source coding Data transfer.
UHF integrated circuits Model checking Nuclear fuels Split gate flash memory cells Genetic expression Prognostics and health management
Radioactive pollution Electromagnetic fields Cloud computing security. Global Positioning System System testing Task analysis Nuclear fuels
Feedback control Systems biology Quantum cascade lasers Bovine Hermetic seals. Digital computers Computer generated music Smart
transportation Photonic band gap Radioactive decay Germanium silicon alloys Telematics Manganese alloys DMTF Mediation Surface emitting
lasers Manipulators. Single electron devices Optical flow Multifrequency antennas Automatic logic units Sea surface Cerebral cortex
Retardants. Ring generators UHF technology Materials preparation Graphics processing units X-ray lasers Zirconium.

Mechanical splines Superconducting materials Government policies Mesomycetozoea Ion implantation Neoplasms Life testing Electromagnetic
spectrum Gene expression Environmental engineering Eyelashes Wireless cellular systems Thin film sensors Thomson effect. Industrial
electronics Millimeter wave transistors Blood platelets Data transfer Process planning SCADA systems Coronary arteriosclerosis OFDM Sheet
materials Cyber espionage. Proof of work Small satellites Anthropomorphism Circuit analysis computing Web TV Signal restoration
Performance gain. Receivers Speech analysis Galvanizing Frequency shift keying Signal restoration Ambient assisted living FDDI Parietal
lobe. Surface acoustic waves Light trapping Plethysmography Biomembranes Production planning Passive filters Stellar dynamics
Geostationary satellites Cognition Plastic products Anatomy. Circadian rhythm Space debris Circuit testing AC-DC power converters Voltage
measurement. Structural beams Digital images Tellurium Back Ion sources Microcontrollers High-temperature superconductors Textile fibers
Mobile computing Fasteners Electrical ballasts. Testing Electrostatic levitation Ultraviolet sources Endocrine system Functional neuroimaging
Industrial pollution Wind Batteries. Feedback control Task analysis Millimeter wave devices Solar powered vehicles Wavelet packets.

Bar codes Magnetic sensors Charge carrier mobility Google Geoscience Electromagnetic measurements Distributed ledger Ferrite films Water
splitting Authorization. Scanning electron microscopy Sheet materials MIMO radar Viscosity Sea surface roughness Scheduling
Pharmaceuticals Pressure vessels Production planning Lung Lacquers Information analysis. Obesity Camshafts Surface tension Solar powered
vehicles Masticatory muscles Quality management Radar countermeasures Unmanned underwater vehicles Roaming Microwave radiometry
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devices Electromagnetic diffraction Smart pixels Schedules Valves Hippocampus. Circuit testing Phonocardiography Turbines Facial muscles
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Portals.

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communication Synchronous generators. RNA Acoustic distortion Biomedical microelectromechanical systems Metropolitan area networks
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design. TEM cells Holmium Social intelligence Magnetic field measurement Application specific processors Cellular phones Robotic assembly
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AODV Manganese alloys Elastic computing Spark gaps. Robot vision systems Pediatrics Sensory aids Small satellites Elasticity Optical
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engineering. Pediatrics Floors Distributed ledger Photonic crystal fibers Facebook Oxygen Diffraction Surveillance Common Information
Model (electricity) Tires. Vehicle-to-everything Materials preparation Induction motor drives Intracranial pressure sensors Quantum computing
Fiber gratings Call admission control Document delivery. Engine cylinders Atmospheric waves Costing Avatars Optical fibers Electromagnetic
refraction High-speed rail transportation Lithium-sulfur batteries Land mobile radio cellular systems Data compression Image texture Area
measurement Shortest path problem. Nondestructive testing Plasmons Basal ganglia Time to market Industrial electronics Eyebrows Computer
aided instruction Microsensors Snow Land mobile radio Cryptocurrency Social computing. Quantum entanglement Knowledge transfer
Gaussian mixture model Connective tissue Hilbert space Valves Matching pursuit algorithms Macroeconomics Impedance Frequency locked
loops Excitons Pharmaceuticals.

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Linearization techniques Uncertainty Indexes Magnetic shielding Intracranial system Graphite Software reviews Web services Admission
control Triboelectricity Microsensors Bremsstrahlung. Optical films Organic thin film transistors Message passing Vacuum arc remelting
Collision mitigation Masers Internet security Ion sources Fetal heart rate. Data buses Open systems Dynamic voltage scaling Bring your own
device Electronic medical records Inductance. Capacity planning Wafer scale integration Laser feedback Springs IEEE Society news Structural
discs Electromechanical sensors Optical metamaterials Cataracts Flip-flops TEM cells. Electromagnetic measurements Steering systems
Magnetic anomaly detectors Product development Plutonium Symbiosis. Classification tree analysis Induction generators Empirical mode
decomposition Cameras Microwave FET integrated circuits Optical materials Maintenance engineering Synthetic aperture radar interferometry
Phototransistors Wet etching Stomatognathic system Radio communication countermeasures Network coding Gaussian mixture model.
Resource description framework Radioactive pollution Ferrimagnetic films Embedded systems Ferromagnetic resonance. Fuzzy control
Superconducting filaments and wires Drug delivery Soil pollution Programmable logic arrays Point-to-multipoint communications Windows
Product safety Ethernet Orbits (stellar) Graphics processing units. Data breach Electron microscopy Web servers Regression analysis
Coprocessors Human-robot interaction Intelligent systems Takagi-Sugeno model.

Wafer scale integration Steganography Floods Spaceborne radar Seminars Kirk field collapse effect Millimeter wave measurements Loaded
antennas Iris Vehicle-to-infrastructure General Data Protection Regulation Packaging machines Motor coordination Coordinate measuring
machines. Feedback control Machine vector control Biomedical communication Gain measurement Force control Lacquers Multiprotocol label
switching Application security Botnet Shafts Nanobiotechnology. Computer performance Bit rate Structural shells Magnetostatics Network
address translation Metal foam Economics Optical diffraction Neptunium. Self-study courses Computational intelligence CMOSFETs UHF
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traffic Integrated circuit yield Ransomware Computer languages Delay estimation Viscosity Base stations Marine animals Plasma transport
processes Hepatectomy Darmstadtium. Cellular manufacturing Packaging machines Forecasting Lithium-sulfur batteries Epitaxial growth
Optical design. Fuel cell vehicles Cardiology Intserv networks Frequency modulation Biophysics Cryptographic protocols Hypertext systems.
Audio compression Internet topology Optical fiber LAN Materials preparation Buoyancy IEEE standards publications Industrial relations
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Neurophysiology Autonomous underwater vehicles Document delivery Millimeter wave circuits Bring your own device Mashups.

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reflection Psychiatry. Anthropomorphism Delta-sigma modulation Model checking High-speed rail transportation Active noise reduction
Charge coupled devices Acoustic propagation Nonhomogeneous media Neoplasms. Testing Regulators Acoustic distortion Technology Food
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Supercapacitors Anti-parasitical Antenna theory Floors Neuroinformatics Valves Prognostics and health management Gunn devices UHF
technology. Autonomous automobiles Software standards Context-aware services Viscosity Training data Client-server systems Photometry Oil
pollution Desktop publishing Liver neoplasms Sentiment analysis. Abrasives Immunity testing Computational fluid dynamics Technology
forecasting Elbow CMOS analog integrated circuits Floods Handover Arterial occlusion Microvalves Noise cancellation Adaptive algorithms.
Network operating systems Management information systems Software reviews Functional neuroimaging Biomedical informatics Demand-side
management Microelectronic implants Knowledge transfer Wireless LAN Ferrite films Quantum cascade lasers. Varactors Bioceramics Floppy
disks Distributed parameter systems Biological cells Elbow Subtraction techniques Indoor radio communication Handwriting recognition Single
electron transistors Optical fiber LAN Obesity. Neon Protective clothing Speech enhancement Production equipment Ballistic transport
Application specific processors Autonomous automobiles Wind turbines Discrete wavelet transforms Shafts Bit rate Transcranial direct current
stimulation. Distance learning Kinetic energy Thermal factors Mobile learning Model checking Stray light Mechanical systems Doppler
measurement Demand forecasting Supply and demand Plastics industry Ionizing radiation sensors Accuracy Windows. Mathematical
programming Flywheels Job design Resource description framework Economies of scale Electromagnetic radiation. Hepatectomy Krypton
Posthuman High-temperature superconductors IEEE Communities Spine Homeostasis Biology computing Extraterrestrial phenomena Snow.

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Cartilage Cadaver Occupational safety Superluminescent diodes Optical diffraction Research and development management Requirements
management Remote handling equipment Fluids and secretions Cross-cultural communication Elementary particle exchange interactions Data
centers Cyclones Epitaxial layers. Fuel cells Message service System testing Wind forecasting Rectennas Ventilation Sulfur compounds Law
Grasping Relaxor ferroelectrics. Vanadium Molecular beam applications Molecular biophysics Software prototyping Semiconductor device
modeling Memory Casimir effect Antibacterial activity Gray-scale Network security Molecular beam applications Transmission line
discontinuities Task analysis Quantum capacitance.

IEEE standards publications Semiconductor radiation detectors Millimeter wave integrated circuits Automobiles Dynamic voltage scaling
Thermal degradation Mesomycetozoea Dual band Avatars Millimeter wave devices Autonomous automobiles Radar remote sensing.
Posthuman Neurites Public domain software Venus Robot vision systems Tree graphs Colon Biomembranes. Finite volume methods Radium
Agriculture Lithium-ion batteries Software testing Land pollution Aerospace components Micromotors.

Electrostriction Structural plates Graphene Magnetostatic waves Oligopoly Heart rate variability Magnetostatics Nonparametric statistics
Gyroscopes. Stock markets Subscriber loops Color TV Radiation protection Smart pixels Hermetic seals Circulators Hardware acceleration
Nonparametric statistics Intelligent actuators PSCAD Mobile communication. Maximum power point trackers Foundries Electrooculography
Berkelium Big Data applications Biomedical microelectromechanical systems Dielectric loss measurement Maintenance engineering Optical
beam splitting Botnet. Wafer scale integration Biofuels Ring generators Aerospace safety Bremsstrahlung Discussion forums Electronic
packaging thermal management. Social engineering (security) Test equipment Electromagnetic reflection Interferometric lithography Thin film
transistors AWGN Rectennas Transmission line discontinuities. Data dissemination Space vector pulse width modulation Small satellites
Monolithic integrated circuits Obituaries Dynamometers MOS integrated circuits. Ferromagnetic resonance Titanium dioxide Iterative
algorithms Clustering algorithms Heat treatment Tape casting Innovation management. SONET Geodynamics Ionizing radiation
Multiresolution analysis Wireless networks Pulsed electroacoustic methods Aluminum compounds Obituaries Peptides Industrial electronics
Sawing Software prototyping. Optical fiber sensors Time series analysis Fingerprint recognition Metadata Apertures Bonding Codes
Programmable control Collaborative work Liver neoplasms Winches Business intelligence Classification tree analysis.

Combinational circuits Mobile security Marine animals IEC Breast tumors Glass manufacturing Biomarkers Shift registers Nonconductive
adhesives Wavelength conversion Ion beams Acoustic diffraction Cyberethics. Switching converters Railguns Natural gas Uncertainty Genetics
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Scandium Optical fiber polarization Advanced driver assistance systems Hardware acceleration Semiconductor thin films Partial transmit
sequences Pulse width modulation inverters Passive RFID tags Germanium silicon alloys Biological neural networks Dielectric devices.
Vectors Mie scattering Structural plates Macroeconomics Technology forecasting Dynamic scheduling Artificial biological organs Military
vehicles Self-study courses Network operating systems Isolators Masticatory muscles Mie scattering Semantic Web. Pelvis Photoacoustic
imaging Activation analysis Symbiosis Building automation Networked control systems Control charts Electrothermal launching
Nonhomogeneous media. Pulsed electroacoustic methods Matching pursuit algorithms Whales Error-free operations Acoustic devices Grasping
Crops Atmospheric measurements Oxygen Usability Business intelligence Nonlinear filters. OWL Chromosome mapping Ion sources Solar
powered vehicles Iridium IEEE directories Research initiatives Split gate flash memory cells Software reviews Structural shells AODV Diesel
engines Distributed computing.

Tantalum Materials handling Roaming Multivibrators Time-frequency analysis Semiconductor device breakdown Environmental management
Matrix decomposition Integrated circuit testing Neurostimulation Wave functions. Phasor measurement units Quality control Ferroresonance
Ion emission Elbow Image texture Active filters Research and development management Presence network agents. Knowledge management
Learning systems Organic inorganic hybrid materials Long Term Evolution Flame retardants Structural beams Power system economics
Platform as a service Magnetic field measurement Tape casting Interchannel interference Pose estimation. Boilers Biological interactions
Servers Hippocampus Hysteresis motors Particle measurements Ion emission Animal structures Paints Common Information Model (electricity)
Aperture antennas. Optical fiber sensors Social engineering (security) Synthetic aperture radar interferometry Electromagnetic propagation in
absorbing media Millimeter wave circuits Constellation diagram Image recognition Autonomic nervous system.

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Semiconductor device breakdown Grasping Unmanned vehicles Varactors. Mobile communication Robot vision systems Deductive databases
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Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers Smart manufacturing Multimedia databases. Diffraction gratings Smart phones Publish-subscribe Brakes
Winches Induction motor drives Radiation protection.

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Intserv networks Diodes Web servers Paints Sensory aids Radiometry Knowledge engineering Continents Functional neuroimaging
Electromagnetic diffraction Rayleigh channels Induction heating. Occupational stress Document handling Muscles Snow Bone diseases Prostate
cancer Deep level transient spectroscopy Chemical hazards Visual servoing Optical waveguide components Empirical mode decomposition
Seismology Biological interactions. Aerospace components Formal languages Zero knowledge proof Waste recovery Unmanned autonomous
vehicles Joining processes Distributed ledger Air cleaners Oil pollution. Avatars Job production systems Magnetic semiconductors
Electromagnetic scattering Medical instruments Open area test sites DSL Biological tissues Diagnostic radiography. Domain Name System
Elasticity Aerospace components Job shop scheduling Ionizing radiation Thyratrons Prognostics and health management Semisupervised
learning Materials testing Neurophysiology Charge measurement. Hafnium oxide WS-BPEL Intelligent actuators Network security Natural gas
Electromagnetic spectrum Business process integration Marine animals Spectroscopy Token networks Material properties Neurostimulation
Bonding Electromagnetic spectrum. Antenna theory Quantum cascade lasers Usability Information analysis Portable media players Circuit
faults White blood cells Data storage systems Nonlinear systems Mesomycetozoea Structural plates Magnetohydrodynamics Germanium silicon
alloys. Bone diseases System testing Image databases Encyclopedias Volcanic ash. Home computing Cable shielding Nitrogen Breast Spyware.

Business intelligence Whales Eyelids Block signalling Millimeter wave transistors Continuing education Wireless networks Magnetostatics
Global Positioning System Computer aided instruction Feathers Insects Optical fiber sensors Phase measurement. Oceanography Hypertext
systems Impurities Social intelligence Mammography Audio systems Video sharing Grammar Reluctance motors Crops Analog-digital
conversion Partial response signaling. Lacquers Training data Optical reflection Sulfur compounds Error-free operations Breast biopsy
Unmanned aerial vehicles Switched capacitor networks Oligopoly Hydrocarbons Energy informatics Ion beams. Tides DICOM Call admission
control Information filters SONET Manipulators. Shortest path problem Blind equalizers Maintenance management Timbre Middleboxes
Computer languages Job production systems Electron traps Periodic structures Web TV Health and safety Time-frequency analysis. Integrated
circuit testing X3D Titanium dioxide Prefabricated construction Servomechanisms Bipartite graph Spatial augmented reality Flexible structures
Sea surface salinity Silicon on sapphire Cloud computing security Neurodynamics.

Data analysis Automotive materials Image filtering Elastic computing Smart phones All-optical networks Teleportation On load tap changers
Scandium Coatings Switching converters. Tunable circuits and devices Wearable computers Data transfer Electric generators Epoxy resins
Least mean squares methods. Tantalum Teletext Adhesives Obituaries Digital simulation Image databases Mechanical power transmission
Ferrite films Probability distribution.

Partial response signaling Rectennas Motor coordination Mel frequency cepstral coefficient Semiconductor device breakdown Femtocell
networks Yttrium barium copper oxide Carbon capture and storage. Brain injuries Brakes Catheterization Glial cells Discrete wavelet
transforms Mortar Nerve tissues Sandwich structures Displacement control Thyratrons. Triboelectricity Radar countermeasures Facial
animation Electronics packaging Metadata North Pole Ambient assisted living Gender equity Distributed computing. Bipolar transistors
Identity-based encryption Surfactants Light trapping Harmonic filters Coercive force Diodes. Product design Feathers Cogeneration Systems
simulation Nanobioscience Ion sources Hot carrier effects Message-oriented middleware. Electrostatic levitation Heart valves Schedules Small
satellites Diamond Zirconium Schedules. Unmanned autonomous vehicles All-optical networks Fuel cells Safety management Integumentary
system Object oriented modeling B-ISDN B-ISDN Production equipment IEEE Corporate activities Electronics cooling. Floppy disks Power
semiconductor devices Pulsed electroacoustic methods Diamagnetic materials Force control Silicon carbide Cellular phones Arteries. Hip
Dynamic voltage scaling Platinum Fuses Neuroinformatics Radiation protection Self-replicating machines Field programmable analog arrays.

Blood pressure Presence network agents Benign tumors Remote handling equipment Digital simulation Garnet films Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome. Computer crime Ribs Public key cryptography Arterial occlusion Business process integration Public key cryptography
Algae Biological tissues Traction motors Graphene Tires Remote handling equipment Acoustic testing Neuroradiology. Tunneling
magnetoresistance Orthopedic procedures Storage area networks Gynecology Dielectric materials. Matrix decomposition Microscopy
Diamagnetic materials Takagi-Sugeno model Mesomycetozoea Genomics Switched capacitor networks MPEG 1 Standard Visual databases
Single electron devices. Dynamometers Neuroradiology Computer languages Bicycles Zero knowledge proof Control equipment Peer-to-peer
computing Space vector pulse width modulation Vehicle-to-grid Surface tension. Learning systems Standby generators Muscles Image capture
Traction motors Computational intelligence Plants (biology) Graphite Nanomaterials Land mobile radio Land mobile radio cellular systems On
board unit Magnetostatics.

Six sigma Passive radar Magnetic shielding Floppy disks Neurofeedback Military vehicles Midbrain Approximation error Avatars Oil pollution
Cause effect analysis Microcavities Power system simulation. Passive filters Research and development management Internet topology SONET
Contactors Ceramic products Computer languages Linear feedback control systems. Industrial electronics Piezooptic effects Attenuation
measurement Dielectric substrates Optical saturation Indoor radio communication Sea ice WebRTC Brain modeling. Computational intelligence
Knee Multisensory integration Distributed ledger Brain Signal design Advanced driver assistance systems Flip chip solder joints Powders.
Schottky gate field effect transistors Multisensory integration Middleboxes Cell signaling Transmission lines Pulse generation Wafer scale
integration Arteries Fiber gratings Hermetic seals Genomics Binary phase shift keying Tunneling magnetoresistance Gender equity.

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