CHAPTER XII MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 12.1. Vertical motion in a resisting medium. When a body moves in a medium like air or any other fluid, the medium offers resistance to the motion of the body. This resistance generally varies with various powers of the velocity of the body in motion. (i) Motion in @ vertical line downwards, Leto be the velocity of the particle at time f when its distance from the starting point is x. Further assume that the resistance varies as the n-th power of the velocity, so that the resistance is kv" per unit mass, k being a constant. The resisting force acting on the mass m of the particle is thus mko" against the direction of motion. Again, the force due to gravity is mg acting downwards. Hence the net downward force acting on the particle is mg — mkv". ‘Therefore the equation of motion of the particle is () This equation shows that the acceleration of the particle decreases as its velocity increases (n > 0) and the acceleration vanishes when v= (y- 1 @) This is the greatest velocity attainable by the particle and this velocity at which acceleration vanishes is called the limiting or terminal velocity. Subsequently, the particle moves with this constant velocity. Note. The velocity with which a raindrop strikes the surface of the earth cannot afford any idea as to the height from which it has fallen ; for, after moving some time they acquire the terminal velocity and continue to move uniformly with that velocity. Gi) Motion in a vertical line upwards. Let us suppose that the velocity of the particle is v at time f at a distance x from the starting point. Assume further that the resistance of the medium varies as the n-th power of the velocity, so that the266 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE resistance due to velocity is kv" per unit mass, k being a constant. Thus the force of resistance acting on the particle of mass 1 is mkv" in the downward direction. Hence the net downward force on the particle is (mg + mko") or the net upward force on the particle is (- mg - mkv"). Therefore the equation of motion in this case is do_ s. Re iie—g-b ve Q) (iii ) Motion in a horizontal direction. In addition to the two previous cases, a particle may move hori- zontally in a resisting medium. This case has been discussed earlier. 122. Ilustrative Examples, z Ex. 1. A motor car driven with a constant force at all speeds meets with air resistance proportional to the square of the velocity. If u be the maxintumt speed of the car, then show that its acceleration when running at a specd v varies as ue — 9? ‘The equation of motion in this case is do_ 2 $F fy?, @ where F is the constant force and k is a constant. For maximum speed, we have 42 = 0, so that F= ki, u being given to be the maximum speed. Thus putting this value of F in (1), we get d dt so that the acceleration varies as (u?— v7). Ex 2. A particle falls vertically from rest in a medium whose resistance varies as the velocity. Find the motion of the particle. Let v be the velocity of the particle at time f in which it has fallen through a distance x. The equation of motion is kw? v4), a8 >)MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 267 "Integrating , we get 14 Ca = Log ig - fo), where C isa constant. Initially, that is, when t= 0, v= 0, Therefore C= - i log g. Thus t- i logg = - i log (g - kv). Hence we have tog" -kt or, — g- kve ge" *! aS (yo e-kt aaa or, oe Bent), an) As t increases without limit, e~ ! 40 andv ~f , which is the terminal velocity as is evident from (1). Equation (2) can be written as dx _ 8 _ 8 okt dt ok ok ={[S_ 8-4 or, dx TES dt. Integrating, we get hey B-t x Kit ze +B, where B is a constant. Initially, that is, when {= 0, x= 0. Hence B= - a Therefore x= SE-B 4 Bett, oa eae) ko Kl” which gives the distance x at any time t. If we eliminate t from (2) and (3), we get D xe- 2e k This gives x in terms of v. Note. The equation (4) can directly be obtained by employing the equation 4)268 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE Ex. 3. A particle of mass m is falling under the influence of gravity through a medium whose resistance equals to 1 times the velocity. If the particle be released from rest, then show that the distance fallen through in time t is In this case,the total resistance is jt, while the net downward force on the particle is (mg — 10) . Hence the equation of motion is meee mg jo an "eH oe * a8 mn? doy ox, at yes, . 2 which is a linear differential equation whose integrati ise™' and om ia eq wl integrating factor is e™ an¢ ay 4, wera ge™ dt 4 4 o wm agen sc, . @ Cbeing the constant of integration. The initial condition is v= 0 at t= 0. Therefore C= - . ‘Substituting for Cin (1), we get 2) where B is a constant.MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 269 Now x=Oatt=0. m2? Trisgives B= - 975. Substituting for B in (2), we get xeeB (ts 2 A =e (« meas be) u m Ex. 4. A particle falls vertically from rest in a medium whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity ; investigate the motion of the particle. Equation of motion in this case is di ans, - a where k is a constant. ‘The terminal velocity V in this case is givenby V= ve. Then &. (f- a vy dt k or, kdt. Vv Integrating , we get 1 V+0 av By BT where C is a constant. Initially, that is, when t= 0, v= 0. Therefore C= 0. V+v V-v ema en Vt Hence log. = 2kVt @) or, p= = ey] 1+e This gives the velocity v at any time ¢. It follows from (2) thatast>00, v->V. Again, from (2),we have dx gt GB) v= ae7 V tanh ; a sinhx_ e7-e"*_1-e coshx eFpe * te since nee and tanhx= CO _—=Ee.lClr llemo ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE Integrating with respect to /, we get y? u = — log cosh 4 + B, ro Log a where B is a constant. Initially, that is, when 0, x= 0. Therefore B= 0. a Hence x= tog cosh &, a If we eliminate t between (3) and (4), then we get . ar vis vite v } ve (8) This relation gives velocity o at any distance x. Note. We can get this relation directly by integrating the equation dv oF 8 we, which is another form of (1). Ex. 5. A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity u in a medium whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity. Investigate the motion. (C.H. 1983] Show that the particle comes to rest at a height vz u? 2 log (: + ra where V is the terminal velocity. [ K. H. 1998} We take the upward direction positive for measuring the distance x from the point of projection. The equation of motion in this case is then d - kv? .. @ = - k(V?+ v2), where we put V?= ‘. We can write this as dv =-kdt. vi+y? Integrating , we get J ante y arpa +c, where C is a constant. Initially, that is, when t= 0, v= u. Hence C= 4 tantMOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM mm Substituting for C, we get = tant tan) 2 Vkt = tan’ vom y ot, ta F(t y-tent §), ve Q) which gives a relation between time and velocity. Equation (1) can be written in the form ve - g- v2 - k(V2+ v4) or, — pao kar. vito Integrating , we get log (V?+ v2) = - 2k + 2B, where B is a constant. Initially, when x= 0, =u. Hence wehave 2B = log (V7+ u2), 2 2 Putting for 2B, we get 2kr= log = a w. @) +0 ‘This gives a relation between distance and velocity. From equation (2), we get the velocity at any timet, while from equation (3), we get the velocity in terms of the distance x. The greatest height h attained by the particle is obtained by putting v= 0 and x= hin the equation (3) which yields @) After attaining this height, the particle begins to come down. To find the subsequent motion, we can proceed as in the previous example. To find the velocity of the particle when it reaches the point of projection, we are to put this value of h as obtained in equation (4) above for x in the equation (5) of the previous example. Thus the velocity on reaching the point of projection is 28)? v(ine ”) . 1 -“fm ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS ; PARTICLE ~ Ex. 6, A particle moves from rest in a straight Ime ata distance a from a fixed point O under the action of an attractive force equal toy times the distance per unit mass. If the resistance of the medium, in which it moves, ty k times the square of the velocity per unit mass, then show that the square of its velocity when it is at a distance x from O is a. Bemirey Bilan emeeny, Show also that when it first comes to rest, it will be at a distance b given by (1 = 2bk)e™ = (1+ 2ka)e-™, Let the position of the particle be at P at time t which is at a distance x from the fixed point O. Let » be the velocity of the particle at P. The two forces acting on the particle are (® mq, an attractive force, (i mkv?, the resisting force, against the force of attraction. Thus the equation of motion is mx = - mix+ mkv? which is a linear aire equation whose integrating factor is e~ ** and the dependent variable is v. Thus, solving this equation, we have ten 2k on f xe 2AF dx + + C, where Cis a constant en tke we” or, == Cette By H, . @ R** 2 Now, when x= a,v= 0. Therefore 0= Ce*#*+ + et oe ae Zhe he i Hence C= - (i++ 33},MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM m3 N Therefore, putting for C, we have, from (), stor ettte a teeile wey 2? kK? ee! ote a Be [1- atone Hate a. .. @ To find the velocity v, at O, we put x= 0. Then, from (2), we have o,20 4(- ett) Weg mte oie bees x) « @ Thus the particle will move to the other side with this velocity. Let us b. assume that the particle comes to rest at a point when x = Hence, from (2), we have z a. 0 =~ Be Bhi 2hO+ tl BB 2kb+ a) or, O= (1 2kby 0 - seal + Bayer HOO or, 1 2kb= (1+ 2kaye™ 2kPe~ 2ke or, (1 = 26k) e2°*= (14 2ka)e~ 24 Examples XII (A) 1. A particle is projected vertically upwards under gravity with a velocity V. Assuming that the resistance of air is kv per unit mass, where v is the velocity of the particle and k is a constant, obtain the equation of ae of the particle and show that the particle comes to rest at aheight ¥— Slog (t+ Ay) svete point of reeion. Show further that if the particle returns to the starting point after a time T, its velocity then is gT - V. If, instead of being projected upwards, the particle falls downwards from rest, then find the distance traversed by the particle in time t. A.A.D.(P)-7% ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICLE — Ex: XI(A 12. A particle moving in a straight line is subject to a retardation of amount ko" per unit mass, where v is the velocity at time f and k > 0. Show that, if n<1, the particle will come to rest at a distance tee ule# here taon 7 trom the point of projection at time t= = ™ uis the initial speed. What happens when (a) n@1, (b)12? 13. A particle is projected with a vel V along a smooth | hortacesal plane in medium whoveesistanca par up seams {oF tes, the velocity. Show that the velocity v after a time ¢ and the distance d * in that time are given by ve Vert and d= Lia ety. 14. (a) A particle falls from rest in a medium in which the resistance is ko? per unit mass. Prove that the distance fallen in time ¢ is 1 {lg cosh (t Vgk) . If the particle were ascending, then prove that the distance at any instant below the highest point of the path is log sec (I \GR), where t denotes the time to attain the greatest height _(®) A particle falls from rest under gravity, from a height ht in | a resisting medium, whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity. Show that the particle does not acquire the terminal velocity + during its motion and show that the time to reach the ground is i € coah-1(e?) eing the terminal vlc (c) A particle of mass m falls under constant gravity through a distance x starting from rest. A small resistance per unit mass equal to k times the square of the speed acts on the particle. Show that the kinetic energy acquired is approximately mgx(1- kx), neglecting higher powers of kx. [C. H. 2001] 15. If the resistance be kv? per unit mass and the particle slides ona smooth straight wire inclited at an angle $ to the vertical, then show that the space s described in time f from rest is given by et= deest+ e-*'), where c?= kg cos -Ex. XINA) MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM a7 16. A particle is projected vertically upwards under gravity. The resistance of the air produces an acceleration opposite to the velocity and numerically equal to kv?, where v is the velocity and k isa constant. If the initial velocity be V and the square of *¥* can be neglected, then show that the greatest altitude reached by the particle is v?_ ks ge Agr 17, If the resistance be proportional to the fourth power of the velocity, then Prove that the energy of m pounds at a depth x feet below the highest point when moving in a vertical line under gravity will be Etan “S* when rising and E tanh “E when falling, where E is the terminal energy of the medium. 18. A particle falls from rest under gravity through a distance x in a medium the resistance of which varies as the square of the velocity. If vbe the velocity actually acquired by it, v, be the velocity it would have acquired, had there been no resistance in the medium, and V be the terminal velocity, then show that 16/3 a0 19. A heavy particle is projected vertically upwards in a medium whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity. It has kinetic energy k in its upward path at a given point. When it passes the same 2 point on the way down, show that its loss of energy is #7; - where k’is the limit to which the energy approaches in its downward course. 20. An attracting force varying as the distance acts on a particle of unit mass initially at rest at a distance a. Show that, if V be the velocity when the particle is at a distance x and V’’ be the velocity when the resistance of air is taken into account, then Vie v{a- k Get 26-2 eacy, at+x the resistance being k times the square of the velocity, where k is very small.mm ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICLE — Ex. XII(A, 21. A heavy particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity & in a medium whose resistance is £ tan? o times the square of the velocity, @ being constant. Show that the particle will return to the point of projection with velocity 1 cos a after a time qoote a+ log 75S ‘ {N. B. H. 2004] sina 22. A particle falls from rest at a distance r from the centre of the earth whose radius is a ;the motion meeting with a small resistance proportional to the square of the velocity v and the retardation being » for unit velocity. Show that the kinetic energy at a distance x from the centre is 131 mga? {t- vt 2(1- *} 2uoget}, the square of 1 being neglected. 23. Two particles move in a medium whose resistance varies as the square of the velocity. One is let fall from a height h and the other is Projected upwards at the same instant with initial velocity sufficient to carry it to a height hi . Show that the particles meet at a depth y below the highest point given by cosh u cos (a u)= 1, where gy= V?‘log coshu and gh= V? log seca, V being the terminal velocity. 24. A heavy particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity U in a medium the resistance of which varies as the cube of the particle’s velocity. Show that the height to which the particle ascends is Vi, U+Vi- UV nV? | Vv? 2u-V 6g 8 (U+V)? ~~ 18V3g* 3vBg vw ’ where V is the terminal velocity. Answers By 8 nt A ky2 1+ Be 1). 4. 2g log + ou ). 12. For (a) and (b),the particle never comes to rest in finite time but the displacement tends to a finite value. For (c) and (d),the particle never comes to rest in finite time and the displacement is also not finite.MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM D9 123. Curvilinear motion ina resisting medium, A particle is projected under gravity in a medium whose resistance equals to mk times the velocity. To find the path of the particle if it be projected with a velocity u at an angle 0. to the horizon. ( Projectile) The origin of the system of co-ordinates is taken at the point of projection and the horizontal and the vertical lines through this point are taken as x- and y - axes respectively, Letat any time t the particle be at P (x, y), so that the equations of motion of the particle are ¥=- by cosy= — ho. _ de dt ds~ “at @ o. . di dt and =~ ko siny— g=— KM gpa pdt se @ Integrating (1), we get log x= — kt+ A, A being a constant. Now x= ucosa@ at t= 0. Therefore A= log (u cosa). x Hence log acooa nt kt or, x= u cosa. e-*, ss Integrating once again, we get a — BORG eo iy B, oe (4) where B is a constant. Now when = 0, x= 0 ;hence, from (4), wehave B= 4 cos a. Substituting for B in (4), we get x= du cs a(1- eM), s+ ©) Integrating (2), we get log (ky+ g)= - kt+ C, where Cis a constant. Again, wehave y= usina at t= 0. Therefore C= log(kusina+g). Thus ky + g= (kusina+g)e-". ss. ©)280 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS ; PARTICLE On further integration, we have tye gta - MSOF Roy D, eM where D isa constant. Now when t= 0, y= 0; hence (7) gives D= SR S*.§ , Substituting this value of D in (7), we get 1 - ky gt= (ku sinat g)(1- ="). s+ @) From (5), we have 1- e~ = —__ u cosa —ke u cosa |" Substituting for # in (8), we get th tion of the path of the particle as ee tees rm = i tog (1- Therefore 1 ; os[ 1- (« snas f) ase & x wena } u cosa k d Cor. The particle will be at its greatest height H when $¢= 0, thatiis, : ents Ry ku sina+ g from (6). Therefore T= time to attain the greatest height H 1 ku sina =) tog(1+ ma }: Then H is given by the equation (8) as y= “sing _ £ tog (1+ bu vk kk Note1. It is evident from the equations (5) and (7) that as M608 and y -+— 2. Hence the path has a vertical asymptote toe,x> cos @ ata horizontal distance from the point of projection.MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 281 Again, from the equations (3) and (6), it is seen that as!» =, # +O and § -+~ ©. Hence the particle will then just attain the limiting, velocity. Note 2. To find the range R on the horizontal plane, we put x= R and y=0in (9). 12.4. Illustrative Examples. Ex. 1. If the resistance varies as the velocity and the range on the horizontal plane through the point of projection be maximum, then show that the angle a which the direction of projection makes with the vertical is given by log (1+ Asecay= AC1+ 2 cosa) + cosa where d is the ratio of the velocity of projection to the terminal velocity. [C. H. 1994; V. H. 2002} If V be the terminal velocity, then g - kV = 0, giving V= re wherek isa constant. Equations of motion are dx ds dx dx axe a eH Oye ote tl aie w= Ka ak ae " ay by sis =k MW ge HL - Q) and ae SinW- B= — kG Ge 8H kG & - @) From (1), on integration, we get log x= — kt+ A, where A isa constant. Now, at t= 0, z= sina; therefore A= log (usin a). = — kt+ log (usina). Therefore x= usina.e~ **, @ From (2), on integration, we get log (g + ky) = — kt + B, where Bis a constant. Now, whent= 0, y= 4 cosa, sothat B= log (g+ ku cosa). Hence log(g + ky)= —kt+ log(g+ki cosa). This gives + ky= (g+ ku cosa)e™, From (3), we have, on integration, @ x=-Zsina.e”!+C, where C isa constant.282 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS : PARTICLE Tofind C, we have at t= 0, x= 0. Therefore C= 7 sina. Hence ref sina(i= eH), Integrating (4), we get sttty= ~ } (e+ ku cosa) e>!"4 D, where Dis a constant. Now, at t= 0, y= 0; hence Deh (gs tu cos a). Therefore gts hy= K* ML COG (y_ potty, To find the range, we have y= 0 and hence from (6), we get gist (g+ ku cosa)(1=e7*y, Putting the value of f from this in (5), we get the range R= {sina (1-e*), Now, for maximum range, $8 = 0. Then, from (8), we get = 7 cosa (1-e7* 4 u sing. et dt Differentiating both sides of (7) with respect to a, we get kt ky, ((g+ ku cosa) ~ gifts usina(1-e Eliminating from (9) and (10), we get cos a ((g+ ku cosa)e~*!— g)+ ku sinta.e” *'= 0 or, (ku+ g cosa)e”*! - kt 8 SG ku+ g cosa = g cosa or, = eb pe 2 SS, Therefore t= - % log GAT ca 6) - © » ® - + (0)MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 283 Putting these values of | and e~*! in (7), we get § log kut g cosa _ _ku cosat g i & cosa k(ku+ g cosa) KV 1, ku+ kV cosa ku cosa+ kV : vy, = Ri eeae sy om k 8 RV cosa El ku+ kV cosa) ™ . Viog &t V cosa _ ucosat+ V = 8 Vicosa ~" ut Vasa Now = AV. AV + V cosa AV cosa+ V Therefore Vlog ae ne Ay ae eae or, log (1+ Asec a= AU +A cosa) Ex. 2. A particle moving in a resisting medium is acted on by a central force ¥. .If the path be an equiangular spiral of angle o, whose pole is at the centre of force, then show that the resistance is n-3~ p cosa 2 re" In an equiangular spiral of angle a, we have $= a. Let R be the resistance per unit mass. Equations of motion along the tangent and the normal are #2 1 cong ant) ae ~ Ti cose R v? Be . @ and on sing. From (2), v= + sin ¢. p. But, inthe curvep= r sina, p= rit= 1 coec a. Therefore v?= —H sin a coseca=—H4, since g=a. ... @) r Differentiating both sides of (3) with respect tos, we get dv bh. de we Oe GE di n-1 ince Ke . - or, vges~ yo Hi cosa, since cos $= cos™ ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS ; PARTICLE : dv Now putting the value af “% in (1), we get wo =! = -"3 4, cma ao R. HSOrt | since g= a. r Examples XII(B) 1, A particle is projected with a velocity whose horizontal and vertical components are 1 and v from a point in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is k times the speed, Show that the equation of the path is kx y= flog {1 - a Berk). Show further that, if k be small, the horizontal range is approximately Que _ 8uv7k | [K. H. 2003] 8.2 38% 2. If a particle be moving in a medium whose resistance varies as its velocity, then show that, by a proper choice of axes, the equation of the trajectory can be put in the form y+ ax=b logx. (C,H. 2005] 3. (a) A particle of unit mass is projected with velocity u at an inclination aabove the horizon in a medium, the resistance of which is k times the velocity. Show that its direction ( will make an angle 3 with the horizon after a time 1 ku a 98 te tana and (ii) will again make an angle o with the horizon after a time 1 . x 8 (1+ 3 sna} [V.H. 2000] Show further that the time to the greatest height is less than half the time of flight. (A particle is projected under gravity at an angle a with the horizontal in a meditim which produces a retardation equal to k times the velocity. It strikes the horizontal plane through the point of projection at an angle wand the time of flight is T. Prove that tanw _ eX’ -1-KT nO = and deduce that w>a. {C. H. 1998] -1+KT “x XtB) MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 2A5 4 A particle,being acted on by gravity is projected in a medium whose resistance varies as the velocity, Show that its acceleration metains a fixed direction and diminishes without limit to zero. {C. H. 2000) S. If the resistance of air to the motion of a particle be n times its weight and the particle be projected horizontally with a velocity V, then show that the velocity of the particle when it is moving at an inclination & to the horizontal is at V(1- sina)? .(14 sina) 6. Prove that, in the motion of projectile in a resisting medium, the equation fy. 8 is satisfied whatever be the law of resistance, u being the horizontal component of velocity, the axes of x and y being horizontal and vertically upwards respectively. If the resistance be constant and equal to kg, then show that the , velocity v at any point is given by 0(1—sin y)!= ti (cos y)'~', where u = up when = 0 (at the highest point). 7. If a particle moves under a central acceleration F in a medium which exerts a resistance equal to k times the velocity per unit mass, then prove that du Foo, art Tae where It is the initial moment of momentum about the centre of force. (C.H. 1985 } L428 ope vrs [Here rail" 0) = - kv sing and . F sing. dh dt — kor sin Q= — kop= - kh. Therefore = lig e~ **, Then Fe286 ADVANCED ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS: PARTICLE _ Ex. XII(B) 8. A particle moves with a central acceleration F in a medium of which the resistance is k ( velocity)’, Show that the equation to its path is du Fou att Yaa where s is the length of the arc described and hy is the initial moment of momentum about the centre of force. [Asin the previous sum ‘tte ~ koh= = ands, Therefore a = kh, giving he Ipe7*’, af, du < dtu Thus Fehtu (a+ fos en ru (ue fe} ] 9, A particle moves in a resisting medium with a given central acceleration F, The path of the particle being given, show that the resistance is 1 dh__1dh__vdh 1 di? Theref So eae ae dhe fore Re ~ Taino di p dt p ds oh > Then show that:h2 = ore ep | 10. A particle of mass m moves in a resisting medium under a central acceleration F. Show that the differential equation of the orbit is fu t F bef. det “= jae’ where log 75> J 3 de at, mR is the resistance, mh is the angular momentum and ho is the initial value of h.