2 Linear Equations of Second Order | | 2.1 Introduction. The general form of ‘linear ‘equation of second order’ may be written as ae #¥ 4 pW rgy= R where P, Q and R are functions of x only. There is no gereral method of solving this type of equations, but we shall consider some particular cases in which the integral can be found. 2.2 Complete solution in terms of a known integral. [Garhwal 81, 90; Kanpur 89; Rohilkhand 80, 82] If an integral included in the complementary function of a linear equation of second order be known then the complete solution can be found. Let y= bean integral in the complementary function of the equation. ay Tee PZ +Qy=k seceee(1) then put you so that Peuvew, 2 and SO say + 2uyyy tur, x Substituting in (1) , we have (uy + Quay, +uv,)+ Pluyy tuv,)+Quv=R or uv, +(2u, + Pu)v, + (u, + Pu, +Qu)v=R Since y =u isa solution of Y oy= +PE+Qy=0. u, + Pu, + Qu=0 So we have, uv, + (2+ Pu)y,=R or mt (2u+P)=8 Now putting v, = p, so that v) = 4 we have $B4(2 uj+P)p=4 a @) which is a linear equation in p. LF= sleeve) = emer ® = urelP*= 4 Differential Equations we have ree purl” = i R we! dk +c, u pare lea it Ruel” +c wie lhe or y= Bowel fl ul dere, ret a Integrating again, we have ve Jeet “| Rue! , *as] dx tef(wrel* \ar+q ca the complete solution of equation (1) is y=we= uff * aul?) d& + cuff *) d+ cu. The above solution contains only two arbitrary constants. 2.3 To find a particular integral of *y spd sqy-0. escoeee(L) 1 y=e™ is a solution If yaem 2 then f= me™ and oF = mem If — y=e* isa solution of (1), then (m’ + Pm + Q) e™=0 or m’+Pm+Q=0 Deduction- (i) y=" is the solution of (0), if 1+P+Q=0 (ii) y =e" is the solution of (), if 1-P+Q=0 (iii) y=e**is the solution of (1), if a+ Pat+Q=0 P,Q. or hota 0. IL y =x" isa solution If yor dy a i? then j= me"! and per men = De ify x" is a solution of (1), then mim— Wx"? + Pax + Ov" =0Linear Equations of Second Order 15 or m(m—1) + Pmx+Qx=0. Deduction- (i) y = x is the solution of (1), if P+Qx=0, [Rohilkhand 83, 90] (ii) y = x? is the solution of (1), if 2+2Px +Qx?=0, Summary. One integral belonging to the complementary function can be found by inspection. For this following rules arc observed. @ =x isa part of C.F.if P + Ox = 0, Gi) y=e* isa partof CF. if 1 +P+Q=0, (..e. sum of the coefficients is zero) (iii) y=e™ isa part of CF. if1-P+Q=0. @) ye isa part of CF if 1+ (Pla) + (Q/a*) = 0. and (v) =x? isa part of C.F if 2 + 2Px + Qx? =0. EXAMPLES Ex1 solve (tyr) Bs (ery axe (Meerut 84, 85, 88; T.D.C.93(P), 94(BP), 97(P); Rohilkhand 83; B.H.U.88; Kanpur 92] Sol. The given equation can be written as d’y 2\% (1,2) TH (142) Se thr y = xe’ 2) o-1,2 - Here p=-(142} 0-143 and R= xe". Since P+Qx=0, “ y =x isa part of the C.F. . Putting y=ve, hae Wi A FE AX dy _d¥ dv so that De® rey and Srna eg, we have fy tee dv or BP pze where Pr . fo which is a linear equation. [,.=¢ J =e" pe*= fer edxt+q=xt+q. p= & = xe* + ce Integrating, we have vexe-e+ce' +c, The complete solution isDifferential Equations y= vx = xe" — xe" + exe" + ox. Ex. 2, Sotve x2 FY ax (ley 2 420+ 0y= =? t 80, 81, 10, 83, 87(R), 92(P); TDC 95, 96(BP); ier Agra TDC 91; Garhwal 94] Sol. The given equation can be written as G3-2(d+1} 242 +4) yx 1 lL i1)_o where P + Qx =-2}+1)+2e(+t}eo. “ y=xisa part of CF. Putting y = vx, so that BaB ry and By ryt we have “that or B-rp=1 where p= which is a linear equation. LRae ft ots pe = fi, e* de+q=-he +4, p= Babee Integrating, we have va-gt+g e+e, The complete solution is =yw=—-1245 Le YEWE—ax + xe™ + ox 2 Ex.3, Solve sin? x, Fri =2), given Y= Cot x is a solution, aa [Meerut TDC 97; Kanpur 81, 84, 86; Gorakhpur 84; Raj 83] ting y = v cot x So that oe cot x~v cosec’x & and ae et X — 2cosec’x. 4 +2v cosec*x cot x In the given equation, we have dy dv tx sin? -22. cotx sin’ x 7-2 = 0Linear Equations of Second Order fy 2 ay 7 bad dx sinxcosx dy =" « P-_ 2 17 dv de ~ sinxcosx ? ete Pik p_ 2 — 2sec? x ‘s P sinxcosxy “ane * Integrating log p=2 log tan x + log c. . P=c, tan? x or B= Gian? x= 6(sce? 1-1), Integrating y= ¢, (tanx—x)+ c,. The complete solution is y=vootx =e (1 ~* Cot x) +c, cot x 2. a mex oy =c-0( SE-r41) Sol. The given equation can be written as 2, fy __x dy, y de? ¥—-Vde typo. Here P+ Qx=0. a y =x isa part of CF. Putting y = vx, so that Bad ery and LyoLY ee, We have d¥ x, 2\dv_x-1 ae *(sirte las “1 dy oo Be (—E p+) pee where P= ae Which is a linear equation. LE =e! sae] Fe ellvas}ede x —x-log (2-1 2logs =¢ oe (x-1, Pet _ ptr YE pray Pa | Paes =f xetdet gente 4G18 Differential Equations Integrating 1 1 =-1-—+G,.—6 =¢ v xX: x yx 2 the complete solution is y swe =-x?-I+cye* +02x =cye* teox—(1+ x7). Ex. Solve 2 ¢x sin x +008 2) 2 —x cos 2 F + y cos x= sin x (x sin x +008 2)” [Rohilhand 92] Sol. The given equation can be written as dy xcosx dy cosx i . Gxt © sinx + cosx de Senet cose? 73 ¥ (x sin ¥ + cos x) Here P+Qr=0. y =xisa part of CF. Putting y = vx, the equation reduces to dv (2 xoosx \dv _ sin x (x sin x + cos x) av (4£__ Fs _ oe Lorre ees de? \x xsinx+cosx) dx x a (2___xoosx__) ,_ sine (, gj or ak +(2 ais erates) which is a linear equation. 2___xooer ipcell? a)« = ¢2l0Bx-log(xsin toons) a (x sin x + cos x) = | xsin P (esinx + 008x) J rade te, =-xcosx+tsin x+¢,. =-wv_1 A P= oe = {2 C# cose + sin x) (x sin x + cos x) C + +(x sin x + cos x) x aw 1 or ge =~ Sinxc08x~-~cos2x +L sin xcosx +e( : 1 sinx + 60s: )Linear Equations of Second Order 19 Integrating. alos x- f 1, aie v= 008" x J Foos2xar+ f zr tindade + af ({sins+ Jp coex) dr 1 1. q = 500s’ x-—sin2x- 1 + 3 2x OOSX4 Cy. The complete solution is yova= Zoos! x—fsin2x—qoosr+ cx Ex. 6 Solve a8 rQ_yaxq-2 ye", [Rohilkhand 86; Meerut 89; Raj 81; Vikram 78] Sol. The given equation can be written as a at 1 Saha Here P+ Qx=0. “. y=xisa part of CF. Putting y = vx, the equation reduces to ay +( x 2)%. x0=3 x)? de? 1l- ve & on #,, (5 a +2) p=Va-? ) where p = % which is os tradi?) ne Dee ties _ [Gog x2 _x Paqaa ] Petaa Zee p= Hair 0-7) +4V0-¥) ate Va=#) +¢,(- ond, Integrating, 1 1). f —& v=-da-rytrea-7"(-2) loa =- fd -2 2) eysin x te, The complete solution isDifferential Equations, 20 yewe-tea- ay cusin'x + Y= XY} Ox Ex.7. Solve fy asf Ay =e sin x. [Raj. 80,82, Meerut 86; Rohilkhand 89] Sol. HereP+Q+1=0, y ~ e* isa part of CF. a « Putting y= ve" so that he “4V.e dy dv oD oe y yot “+ ver, and he kt ae “+200€ we have fe ra- cot x) & = sin x adv 5 B+ (2-cotz)p= sine where p = which is a linear equation. [pad ome egrets sin x pias sin x dx +c,=2e* +c sinx J sinx” vat 7 p= Baden rece™ . ¢, . Integrating, v=—heos x+pe™(-2sin x-Cosx)+c, The complete solution is c y=ve =~ 7 €* cosx——e™*(2 sin x +008 x) +c,e* 2, Ex8, Solve (+2) SF ar45) Bary = (x+Det. [Meerut 82(P), 83 (P), 84 (P), 90; Rohilkhand 85, 89; ; Kanpur 83, 84 Sol. The given equation can be written as " oy Ix+5 dy, 2) _xtl, ee de x42 xt2°° Here £,Q Frio y = e™ isa solution of this equation. putting y = ve™, the equation reduces to (et Gr +ax+3) & =(x+D)e*Linear Equations of Second Order 21 on av 2x43 dy _ 1, ae" x42 de x42° or dp 2xt3 x41, de x42 Pea where p= % which is a linear equation. 243 LR=e #7 -J (she =e -lonx+2) e X+2 =f (x+1) x42) 42h = 1 1 a « =f fats-atyhe dete, = te P= * =e* +e,e*(x 42). edx+c, ee 1 v=-e "30 *@+2)-Gee +e, = wert, (Qx+5)e* +e, The complete solution is yove =e Lg Qxt5) toe", Ex9. Solve x (x cos x—2sin x) y, +(x? +2) y, sin x-2(xsin x+cos x) y=0 Sol. The given equation can be written as dy, (2+2)sinx dy__2(xsinx+cosx) x(xcosx—2sinx) de x(xcosx—2sin x) Here 2 + 2 Px + Or? = 0. -. y= x* is a solution of the equation. putting y = vx’, the equation reduces to dy av (x? +2) sinx dv 2 2 * ae ae ty * <(xcosx — mts +24) 2(xsin x 4 } ~ x (xcosx dy [s (2 +2)sinx ans |e or a@et x x(xcosx—2sin x) | dx op [4 @2=2) sin _] = # oe *| 7 Feosx—2xsine |? where P=22 o x cos x—2xsin x #|-4, (-?-2) sin x J« P Integrating Differential Equations log p = —4logx + log(x’cos x — 2xsin x) + loge, _ dv _ OX (xcosx—2sin x) Pre = Seog x—24sin fee rs ‘sinx Integrating v =hsinx+ C The complete solution is yaveqe, sinx +¢,2 Ex.10 Solve ae? given that = isaC.F. Sol Putting y= v.52 so that x and ax dx x sinx _, cosx wo(-S8-a8, in the given equation, we have a’y sinx dx x x x? Jde vy x ay _dvsinx , 4 dv (= sn) G+ (14 2ct2-3) y= xeosx [Rohilkhand 91; Agra 81] +2( 202-882) oe (sms 2eger, 2a), x r x v(t 2043) yi yo0e or $42 (cot x1) ® = seas or B+2{cors-1) p=seatx which is a linear equation. where p=Linear Equations of Second Order 23 LF.= JSeorae 2 = eAlog sin x-log x) _ SIN“ x = 2 x 9 an sin? x 2 sin? ) pmsl x“ cot x- 5 de + ey x x =4f sin2x dx +e, =~ foosdx +e, = ~ yt hein? tq, p= x = -}e cosec? xthxttept cosec” x. Integrating, v=(4-$) [- ox r+2x10g sinx-2[ log sinxdr]+E +0, The complete solution is yer St =(61—$)[ coset tains logan 2882, fig sin Xsinx |, sinx +E ta. d®y dy _dy -,yl*Y_ YY =0. [Mi Exil Soke 75-2 S5- ZF tay =0 [Meerut TDC 96] Sol. The sum of the coefficients being zero, e* is obviously a solution of the given equation. Putting y= ve’, so that dyia Sa Pe*+v.07, ver, a de dx? dx? 2 Oy AM egy Beta ay org gM oxy er Feta dee +ve 3, and Oy eee we have 4-0 4% 40-2 =0 or 1240-1 £+@-2) p=0 es () where p=OO 24 Differential Equations Poy Q Here 14—P 4 = oe 20" 2? Putting p= qe~™*, so that dp _dq_- = dX 2: 2x ade and opt aaa sd -4ghe + Age in (1), we have 44 ayy Me at tng =o, or #-(+nu=0 where v= “2 or dt 4dr Integrating, 2 logu = x +75 + loge, ” ua Bae err Integrating, q= af et Dee +04 p= * = ge =c) emf (X22) t+ce,e7%* Integrating again, we have vee) (J ete a) a +e] e* dete, 2 —2e -e,|-5 fetPPae- f enen( J ]-gem +e 2x -e[-F j ede + 3 f et ext? ax|-Be™ +e, The complete solution of the given equation is y = vet =e [She wdc ade efen?ear|- Bet soetLinear Equations of Second Order Ex.12. Solve dz Se Ort DD een y screener [Rohilkhand 88; Meerut TDC 94(P), 95(BP)] Sol. The given equation can be written as d*y 1) a 1 1) J mr (243) E+(ted)y=(er1-Le Here 1+P+Q=0 y =e isa part of CF putting y = ve* the equation reduces to d?y la_ 1) o« eka (ett-Lye 9p _1,. 1), ee or Lp=(x41 Lye where p = f which is a linear equation o (xyde LF.= beer = 1 . x 1_ -1),:.1 pi=f (e+ 1)e ae+k =f (er+her-herdetbn ers ae p= Bare tettk Integrating, vexet+tiree, or vexet +e,x> +0, The complete solution is y = vel =xe% + c,xe + O,e. EXERCISE (2.1) Solve 1 rAL-ax-n P+ (e-dy=0 a [Kanpur 80, 84; Garhwal 92; Rohilkhand 94; Agra 91] 2. 2B 208+ pn Baws ry=(e-Det26 Differential Equations 3 arn rr dyn -De, [Meerut 82 #Y Gay Dene 4. ae (14 Ge ay Xx, 5. (xt ng- 2(x+ ah +(x+5) y=e%. [Garhwal 93] 6. (asins + cos) £2 — roms x B+ yoosx=0. £Y 9) W gyn To Raat 2) 5 -2y x, 2, 8 hen Br ryee {Meerut TDC 97@8P)] -yft_,O- % (l VR hk 2. 10. gon 1. Qa o By = [Rohilkhand 82] 12, ey,+xy,-y =8xr. : [Rohilkhand 90] 13. xy, +xy, -9y=0, given that y =x? is a solution. [Kanpur 83] wy 4 x7 Soe + ~yiex? [Rohilkhand 92] ANSWERS 1, y =e*(cy logx+cy) 2. yan gate tre dee tenet 3. = ferret t+eze* +e 4. yaclteerf c “ge 5. ya deer(er Leet beget 6, Y= -C,COSK +eyx, 7. YEW + (C,-3)(x?-Ie tt e,e7. 8 YS— 2 (, +3)(x? + 2x42) 40,e4 9% y=sin'x? +e,sin x +e, 10. vyeltess] 22 eKdeterx -Linear Equations of Second Order 27 1, y=e*logx+cye* j Sa +c,e c 120 y=cyx+—433 x 13. yee tezx> 14,0 y=ey(x-l)te,e% +x2-2e4+2. 2.4. Transformation of the equation to the normal form (i.e. Removal of the first derivative) [ Agra 84, 90; Kanpur 90 ; Meerut 84(P), 86, 87 (R); B.H.U. 88] Ifthe part of the complementary function is not obvious by inspection, it is sometimes useful to reduce the given equation into the form in which the term containing the first derivative is absent. For this we shall change the dependent variable in the equation 2 Ba pBroyar see (1) by putting y = uv, where u is some function of x, so that and v Equation (1) is reduced to dy du) dv (du, pdu = uth +(rur2de) tea( tes pA sou)y=n dv 2du) (1d, Pdu =k or a 4(p42dt) (1d Pdi sg Vetere (2) Let us choose u such that p+ 244 — 9 du __P dal or m7" or u Pde Afr28 Differential Equations or aa tXv=¥ 1 pax =g-1aP_1p2z =Re? nn )) where X=Q tax aP and Y=Re The equation (3) may easily be integrated. Equation (3) is said to be the normal form of the equation (1). Note: The students are advised to remember equation (3) and the values of u. ¥ and Y. EXAMPLES dy law 1 1 6) )_ Ex 13. Sobe 3+ 5 ae * sr - as - | v= 0- =y'3 fvere eeeeeeee | anreae = Sol. Here P=x?, 723 Se3 Ze and R=0. On subsittuting y= uv, the given equation reduces to the normal form Dayar de? 1 afer wd y=pe2 tl Ly i The normal form of the given equation is ay 6 Sry 0 oo 244 by 20 seven (I) Which is a homogeneous linear equation, Putting x = e* , so that oe gts dpe =Linear Equations of Second Order 29 de dude _ dv . d_d dz” dxdz “dx ae ae Let D stand for d/dz, then dy de? dx dv d dv or 1282 (2£-1) 2# = (0-0 Dy From equation (1), we get (W-1) D-6}] v=o. or (-D-6)=0 0 (2) Now auxiliary equation is m—m-6=0. giving m = 3, -2, o Solution of (2) is vsqe™ tere =a x3 +6) x2 The solution of the given equation is y = uy =e 34s? (ce, 2 +cx7), d2, 2d°y 4/2 Y 2 = Ex. 14. Solve x ht 2x! tx) +(x°+2x+2)y=0 [Kanpur 80; Meerut 92; Rohilkhand 92] Sol. The given equation can be written as 2 fy -2( 1)% 2 2) =0. de? 2 Its xt I+o+ y=0. x Here p=-2(1+t)Q=14+2+3 and =o Putting y = wv, the normal form is P+ Xv=r where ucetl ra Stee x08 — yetSs 30 Differential Equations Integrating, v = c,x + c,. - the solution of the given equation is ya uy = xe (cx + c,). de [Agra 83; Meerut 81 (P), TDC 93 (P), 94 (P), 95 (BP); Garhwal 92) Sol. Here P = -2 tan x, Q = 5, and R = sce x.e* Putting y = wv in the given equation, the equation reduces to avy wer where u=e dx2 2 ExIS. Sohe TF dane B+ Sy = 900 xe" “yf Pm ad _ oases = 00 x The reduced equation is 1 +6y =e*, whose C.F.= ¢, cos V6x +c, sin V6x and PI. =—! =o D°+6 x v=c,cosv6x+c, sin 6x+ 5 The solution of the given equation is y =uv = secx (100s Vér +e, sin ¥6x +e") d’y Ex16 Solve Soar Be tet—ryne®, (Kanpur 85] Sol. Here P= - 4x, Q = 4x°_3, R =e? Putting y = uv, the normal form is dv a weve! where wae a) P*_ oe -o-1dP_1 X= 0-9 GP 423-104) Lagey=1 fra a! and Y=Re ? =] The normal form isfy yetLinear Equations of Second Order 31 whose C.F.=cye+c,e"* and P.I.= pu! =-(- Dy. =-1 vege’ tce*-1 The solution of the given equation is 2 y =u =e* (cye* +0, e* - 1) Ex.i7 Soive PY a Bee = Wy = Be * sin 2x [Raj. 80, 82; Agra 86, TDC 91; Meerut 81,85, 86, 87 (R); Rohilkhand 90; B.H.U. 87; Gorakhpur 84] Sol. Here P = - 4x, Q = 4x?-1 and R= —3e" sin 2x. Putting y = wy, the given equation reduces to i Pa iyexver where used etm =Q-14P _lp2_ 4,2_)_1e_g_l. 2 = X=O-a Rg P= 4x? -1 3-4) g- 16x? = 1, 4) Pa y =Ret! =-3sin2x The reduced equation is Syev=Ssin2x whose C.F. = i cos x +c, sin x and PI=> re —-3 sin 2x)=— yim 2x = sin 2x, Ere ee. The solution of the given equation is ysw=e*(c, wos x +c Sin x + sin 2x) 2 , xe. Ex.18, Solve Tha Be (4x? - y = -3e* (sin 2x + Se* + 6) [Meerut 85] Sol. Asin example 17, putting y = wv, the given equation reduces to a 4 y =—3sin 2x —15e* -18 aw 2 where u=e* whose C.F. = ¢, cos x + ¢, Sin x. : L_¢_-yse-28) 4-1 ¢- and PL = ry Cain 28) +596 Se) + 5-18)Differential Equations 2x-—— ry e* —18(1+ D?)1-1 = sin 2x - 3e2* — 18, v= c, cosx +c, sinx + sin 2x ~ 3e*-18. The solution of the given equation is youwee™ (c, cos x +c, sin x + sin 2x ~ 3e-™* - 18) 2y 2a 2). Ex19. Solve — = y- 28 4(14 By axe! [LA.S. 80; Garhwal 86; Rohilkhand 89] Sol. Here p =-2,9 =1+ and R= xet . Fe A Putting y = wv, the normal form is Dee aver Pee Lae Are J pcg = xeke 8 =e? The normal form of the given equation is De ryaet whose C.F.= ¢, cos x +c) sin x 1 x l= et = and P. Dial e ns v =c, cos x +c) sin rttet The solution of the given equation is y =uv = x(c, Cosy +c, sinx + ze) a dy Ex.20. Solve x*logx) 5 = 2x loge 4 {2+ log x — 2(log x) 7]y = (log x)?x a Sol. The given equation can be written as dy 2 ato 3} = logs at logs de *|Foge? wt loge x7)” i:Linear Equations of Second Order 33 Here P=-—2_ 9 = ___2 1 2 _. x logx @ (loge)? * loge a and R = iog x Putting y = uv, the given equation is transformed to =4 x? Pde and ¥=Re!! =1 The transformed equation is dy_ 2 we op or ody —2v =x? Q) eee {D (D-1)-2} v=e* 2_ p-2=er exdad or (D D-2)v=e where D —m-2=0, o m=2-1 C.F.=cye* +e,e% =ex? +e,x7 = 1 eta 1 22 and PL= aT pa * = D=HOs ¢ 11 lox» 1 =p pie 03% pee! 1p Vial =e (h 41)= Laeead gs The solution of equation (1) is vex? +e) x7 14 de? loge The solution of the given equation is y suv = (logx)(cy x? + ¢p x74) + 5 (x logs)? Ex. 21 Solve fy rox td % + bx2y = x. [Meerut 82 (P)]Differential Mquationn “ Putting ve uv , the equation in trannformed to ay , 4 \vel al Wry 1 where wee ifr a ow ; 1d? dp ) u b Ve Oat a Vora bya? and y roll! ‘axe ‘The transformed equation is dv - jo? +bvexe ? 1 dx a) whose C.F.= c, cosyb x +c, sin vb x. od py? and P= rea D?+b The solution of equation (1) is toe vec cos Vbx +c, sin Vbx + ot i{* 2 ! xe al ) D +b ) The solution of the given equation is 1 Aya aly! yow=k, e2 sin(Vbx + ky) +02” 1 xe 2 i DP +b = kysin(Vox + ky) + d? d Ex. 22. Solve Cat te +l)y =x 43x. [Meerut TDC 97(P)] Sol. Here P= 2x,Q0= 2 + land R= x4 3x. Putting y= uv, the given equation is transformed to Sf pa » Baked whereu=e? =e"? ldP od =Q- 1p Nf Pas X=O-y G4 =9 and y = pet!” a(x) 43xye"2 ‘The transformed equation is & = (2 43x)e%. xLinear Equations of Second Order 35 . dv Integrating, f=] setae +3) xe be + 6 1 =f x2(yex2?2 x j x (xe **” Jae +3e M2 +e = x2.00 af rer? de 43072 46 ‘1 = x24 = xe Des ZeH240, =(2+I)e* +0, Integrating again, v=f Peas | Mart ox+0 =f x(x oF) + f oF be + ox +05 = xe?! The solution of the given equation is *+exte,: yswext(qxt+e,) ee Ex.23 Solve Fe- Fe Re ble vesa) yo Sol. Here P=-,0=71j(-8+ Ve +s) and R=0. Putting y = uv, the given equation is transformed to dy ag t*v=r a tla where ei ae ate =e =o-1#_1p._2 X=0-7 G4? Ap ae y=Ret =0. The transformed equation is dv 2._ 2d _we Gee GO which is a homogeneous linear equation. Putting x = ¢”, we have {D(D-1)-2}v=0 or (p?- p-2)v=0 AE.is m—m-2=0, m=2,-1 vacje +c,e" = ex? teg The solution of the given equation is youre (ator).C—O 36 Differential Equations dy dy ag Ex. 24 —+ = 2 = 2 x. 24 Solve To de P+ (x +5)y=xe [Meerut 84 (P)] 12 Sol. Here P=2x, Q=7+5,R=xe 2" Putting y = uv, the given equation is transformed to 1 1 “5)P a 35) 2xde att AY where u=e a =e A seer x=9-19P Mpls yeas and y=pel? “_, The transformed equation is 4 4 4y =x. dx AE.is m+4=0 1 P.L= . D*+4 The solution is y = uv = oA goufa+ @)+ 45] 4 J ay Ex.25 Sobve (cos? x 2) +y cos’x =0. [Agra 91; Kanpur 90; Rohilkhand 91, 94] Sol. The given equation can be written as @ dd: 2 y_ oy 2 cos’ ee 2cosx sinx 7 + y cos x=0 dy =0 or 7 tan ty = secveee() dx Here P=-2tanx, Q=1 and R=0. Putting y = wv, the eq. (1) is transformed to dv raed vevseee(2) ot where u=e AP So = el OX = see, x=g-14?_Ip_,Linear Equations of Second Order 37 1 and y =Reil” * <0, q transformed equation is 2% 4 2=0 or (D2 +2) v=o, whose AEism+2=0 3 m=4N3i v=qcosV2x+¢,sin V2x The solution of the given equation is y =u = seo x(¢, cos V2x + ¢ sin Vx). EXERCISE (2.2) Solve, by Temoving the first derivative, 2. ay_2(dy 2)\y= 1 a alae) *(#4 3) =O. £0 4224 19(x-9) yo 2 (2- 2) 32d 12(x-2) y=0, dy 35 at ~2tan x 24 sy = 0. [Meerut 82, 83] x? ay 2d), yg. 4 a2 det "Y 0 s 4y_ rx D+ Bey = 0. [Agra 86) dx 2, q@ x 6. - tan x 2 — (a? +1) y = see wet. dy yw 7. at xe +4x2y =0. ay ,2dy_ 9p 8. aet rac y. 9. cal y)-2 2x +294 2y=0. (Raj 81; Kanpur 81] 22(e3)r 10. a x dx 2)” 2( i+ yans)= i. (4 + yoo x+ 2( 2+ yuns Sec, [Meerut 84 (P); Agra 88]NN 38 Differential Equations ey 2. 4 45 +(4x2-1) y=e*(5—3c0s 2x). [Agra 85; 87] % dx ANSWERS 1. y = xc, 008 (ax +e). 2 y= (c,x* tegx Ax - 2). 3. y= sec x (c,cos V6x-+c, sin V6x). 1 4. Y=4.008(nx +c). Ss y=q a cos( Vx +e,). a 6. y=(e e+e, e*) sec x4 EE -a 7 y=e ae tae"), 8. y=t(cyem +e ,e nm) ). 9% yx (cycos x +c, sin x). 10. =x x (c, 00s me +c sin nx) 11. rn vw 12. y =e*"(c, cos x +c, Sin x + 0082x + 5). 2.5. Transformation of the equation by changing the independent variable. [Kanpur 91] Sometimes the equation is transformed to an integrable form by changing the independent variable. Let the equation be 2 49, PBigy= qa as 1D R. Let the independent variable be changed from x to z, where z is a function of x. B28 om SH18)-$(08)