Graphs

Histogram, Pie chart, Cubic graph, Response Surface plot, Counter Plot graph
Presentation of data
• Text presentation
• Tabular Presentation
✓ Simple table
✓ Complex table
➢ Double table
➢ Triple table
➢ Multiple tables
• Visual Presentation
✓ Graphical
➢ Histogram
➢ Frequency curve
➢ O gives
➢ Line graphs
✓ Diagrammatic Presentation
➢ Bar Diagram
➢ Pie Diagram
Introduction
• Graphs of statistical data bring our clear and
relative and are helpful in finding out the
relationship between two or more sets of data.
• Graphical Representation of data:
✓The transformation of data through visual methods
like graphs, diagrams, maps and charts .
✓Representation – Get better insights + understand
the problem
✓Pictorial representation – convey an overall
message much better than the list of numbers
 A picture is said to be more effective than words
describing particular thing

Graphical representation is the geometrical image of a

Meaning of set of data

graphical A mathematical Picture

representation
of data It enables us to think about a statistical problem in visual
terms

Effective and Economic device for the

presentation,understanding and interpretation of the
collected data.
Importance of
Graphical
Representation
✓ Data understandable to
common man
✓ Gives a Bird`s –eye view of
the entire data
✓ Easy and quick understanding
of data
✓ Can be memorized for a long
time
✓ Compared at a glance
✓ Making quick accurate
comparison of the data
• What is a Graph?
✓A figure drawn to a scale .
✓Possible only for metric data
✓Scale could be on the horizontal/vertical/both
• Why do we need graphs?
✓Information presented in the form of the graph is easily understood
✓Impression created by the graphs last much longer than those created by the figures
presented in a tabular form
✓Facilitates comparison of data
✓Bring out hidden fact and relationship and can stimulate as well as aid in analytical
thinking and investigation
Line graph:
Series of data is joined by line
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
Histogram

• Graphical representation of data

• Data is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range
corresponds to a vertical bar
• Used to depict grouped frequency
distribution
• Horizontal axis displays the
number range
• Vertical/frequency represent the
amount of data that is present in
each range
Example
Problem for practice/ to solve

• The histogram for a frequency distribution

is given below:

• Answer the following

1. What is the frequency of the class inter
15-20?
Ans= 25
2. What is the class intervals having the
greatest frequency?
Ans= 20-25
3. What is the cumulative frequency of the
class interval 25-30?
Ans= 90
Problem for practice/ to solve
Problem for practice/ to solve
OGIVE Curve
Pie Chart
• Circle chart
• Pictorial representation
• Divides the statistical graphic into
sectors/slices – to illustrate the
numerical problems
• Each sector denotes a
proportionate part of the whole
• i.e each slices of pie shows the
relative size of the data
✓ Pie- Whole
✓ Slices – parts of the whole
Pie chart
Example
To solve
To solve
CUBIC GRAPH

• Trivalent graphs
• 2-regular graph
• A graph in which all the vertices have degree 3 (3D)
• Representation of cubic function
• A cubic is a polynomial which has an x3 term as the highest
power of x.
Cubic graphs have two turning points – a minimum point and
a maximum point.
• E.g. This is graph of y = x3
CUBIC GRAPH

• Suppose we take bar graph

• Ifpresented
the smallest and the largest magnitude to be
as in the ration 1:100, the bar diagrams

✓cannot be used because of the height of the

biggest bar would be 1000 times the height
of the smallest bar – Look very
disproportionate
Response surface
Plot
• Response surface plots such
✓ contour
✓ surface plots
• useful for establishing desirable response
values and operating conditions.
• In a contour plot, the response surface is
viewed as a two-dimensional plane where
all points that have the same response are
connected to produce contour lines of
constant responses.
Response Surface Plot
• Diagram of three-dimensional data
• A functional relationship between a dependent(Y) and two independent Variables (X and Z)
• Companion of Counter Plot.
• Methodology:
✓ A 2D grid of X and X is constructed
✓ Range of the grid=range of the data
✓ Y value is calculated from each grid point
✓ Y= Weighted average of all the data that is near the grid point
✓ 3-D surface is constructed using these average values.
✓ Surface plots does not show -variation in each grid point
Uses:
✓ Used in regression Analysis for viewing the relationship among a dependent and two independent
variables
✓ Multiple regression assumes that this surface is perfectly flat
 • Collection of mathematical and statistical
techniques whose purpose is to analyze, by an
empirical model, problems as the one posed.
• More concretely, its objectives are the
following
✓ To generate knowledge in the experimental
RSM - Response domain of interest.
✓ To reliably estimate the experimental
surface variability (pure error).
✓ To guarantee the adequacy between the
methodology proposed model and the experimental data (to
make it easy to detect the lack of fit).
✓ To predict the observed response, as exactly
and precisely as possible, in points within the
experimental domain where no experiments
were done.
 • Collection of mathematical and statistical techniques
useful for the modeling and analysis of problems in
which a response of interest is influenced by several
variables and the objective is to optimize this
Response response.
• For example, suppose that a chemical engineer wishes
surface to find the levels of temperature (x1) and pressure (x2)
that maximize the yield (y) of a process.
methodology • The process yield is a function of the levels of
temperature and pressure, say Y = f(x1, x2) + error
(RSM) where error represents the noise or error observed in
the response y.
• If we denote the expected response by E(y) = f(x1, x2)
= ɳ, then the surface represented by ɳ = f(x1, x2) is
called a response surface
RSM - Response surface methodology

✓To propose sequential strategies to carry out the experimentation

with different alternatives according to the results obtained.
✓To maintain a high efficiency with respect to economical cost, time,
and any other practical limitations.
✓To make the identification of outlier data easy.
✓To make the decision making possible under uncertainty conditions,
reducing the ambiguity.
Counter Plot
Graph
• Level Plots
• 3-D surface on 2D Plane
• It graph-
• Two predicted variables XY on
the axis
• Response Variable-Contours
• Used cartography
Counter
Plot
Graph