South America

South America is a continent[f] entirely in the Western

South America
Hemisphere[g] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the
northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the
southern subregion of a single continent called America.

South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and

on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and
the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally
includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,
Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland
Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;[h]
and one internal territory: French Guiana.[i] In addition, the
ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Area 17,840,000 km2
Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da (6,890,000 sq mi) (4th)
Cunha, a British Overseas Territory), Bouvet Island Population 434,254,119 (2021; 5th)[1][2]
(dependency of Norway), Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago
Population 21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)
may also be considered parts of South America.
density
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers GDP (PPP) $7.61 trillion (2022 est; 5th)[3]
(6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2021 has been estimated GDP (nominal) $3.62 trillion (2022 est; 4th)[4]
at more than 434 million.[1][2] South America ranks fourth in
area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in GDP per capita $8,340 (2022 est; 5th)[5]
population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Religions Christianity (90.0%)[6]
Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with
No religion (7.7%)[6]
more than half of the continent's population, followed by
Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela and Peru. In recent decades, Other (2.3%)[6]
Brazil has also generated half of the continent's GDP and has Demonym South American
become the continent's first regional power.[8]
Countries 12–14
Most of the population lives near the continent's western or  Argentina
eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely  Bolivia
populated. The geography of western South America is
dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part  Brazil
contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers  Chile
such as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraná flow. Most of the  Colombia
continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the
 Ecuador
Southern Cone located in the middle latitudes.
 Guyana
The continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the  Panama[a]
interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and
immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long  Paraguay
history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South  Peru
Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and societies and states  Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago[b]
 Uruguay
 Venezuela
are rich in Western traditions. Relative to Europe, Asia and Dependencies External (2–5)
Africa, 20th-century South America has been a peaceful
 Aruba[b] (Netherlands)
continent with few wars.[9]
 Bouvet Island[c]
(Norway)
Geography  Curaçao[b] (Netherlands)

South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas.  Falkland Islands (United
The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Kingdom)
Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border, although  South Georgia and the
some may consider the border instead to be the Panama Canal. South Sandwich Islands[d]
Geopolitically[10] and geographically, all of Panama – including (United Kingdom)
the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is
Internal (1–3)
typically included in North America alone[11][12][13] and among
 Ascension Island[e]
the countries of Central America.[14][15] Almost all of mainland
South America sits on the South American Plate. (United Kingdom)
 Bonaire[b] (Netherlands)
South America is home to the world's highest uninterrupted
 French Guiana (France)
waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the highest single drop
waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana; the largest river by volume, Languages Spanish
the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes Portuguese
(whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m or 22,841 ft);
the driest non-polar place on earth, the Atacama English
Desert;[16][17][18] the wettest place on earth, López de Micay in Dutch
Colombia; the largest rainforest, the Amazon rainforest; the French
highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially
Aymara
navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding
research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost Guaraní
permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile. Mapudungun

South America's major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, Quechua
iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South Wayuu
America have brought high income to its countries especially in Other languages
times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized
countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing Time zones UTC−02:00 to UTC−05:00
one major export commodity often has hindered the Largest cities 10 largest cities in South
development of diversified economies. The fluctuation in the America (2015)
price of commodities in the international markets has led
historically to major highs and lows in the economies of South 1. São Paulo
American states, often causing extreme political instability. This
2. Lima
is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from
staying as economies dedicated to one major export. 3. Bogotá
4. Rio de Janeiro
Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering a little
5. Santiago
less than half of the continent's land area and encompassing
around half of the continent's population.[19] The remaining 6. Caracas
countries and territories are divided among four subregions: the 7. Buenos Aires
Andean states, Caribbean South America, The Guianas, and the
8. Salvador
Southern Cone.[20]
9. Brasília
10. Fortaleza
Outlying islands
UN M49 code 005 – South America
Physiographically, South America also includes some of the 419 – Latin America and the
nearby islands. The Dutch ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, and Caribbean
Curaçao), the islands of Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad Island
and Tobago Island etc.), the State of Nueva Esparta, and the 019 – Americas
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela sit on the northern portion 001 – World
of the South American continental shelf and are sometimes
considered parts of the continent. Geopolitically, all the island countries and
territories in the Caribbean have generally been grouped as a subregion of
North America instead. By contrast, Aves Island (administered by
Venezuela) and the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa
Catalina (San Andrés Island, Providencia Island, and Santa Catalina Island
etc., which are administered by Colombia) are politically parts of South
American countries but physiographically parts of North America.[13][21][22]

Other islands often associated with geopolitical South America are the
Chiloé Archipelago and Robinson Crusoe Island (both administered by
Chile), Easter Island (culturally a part of Oceania, also administered by
Chile),[23] the Galápagos Islands (administered by Ecuador, sometimes
considered part of Oceania),[23][24][25] and Tierra del Fuego (split between
Argentina and Chile). In the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil administers Fernando de
Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul
Archipelago, while the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (biogeographically and
hydrologically associated with Antarctica)[26] have been administered as Map of South America showing
two British Overseas Territories under the Crown, whose sovereignty over physical, political, and population
the islands is disputed by Argentina. characteristics, as per 2018

Special cases

An isolated volcanic island on the South American Plate, Ascension Island

is geologically a part of South America.[27] Administered as a dependency
of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, the island is geopolitically
a part of Africa.

An uninhabited sub-Antarctic volcanic island located in the South Atlantic

Ocean, Bouvet Island (administered by Norway) is geographically,
geologically, biogeographically, and hydrologically associated with
Antarctica, but the United Nations geoscheme has included the territory in
South America instead.

A composite relief image of South

America
Los Roques Archipelago, Venezuela

Modern political map of South

America

Climate

All of the world's major climate zones are

present in South America.[29]

The distribution of the average

temperatures in the region presents a
constant regularity from the 30° of
latitude south, when the isotherms tend,
more and more, to be confused with the
degrees of latitude.[30]

In temperate latitudes, winters and

summers are milder than in North
America. This is because the most
extensive part of the continent is in the
equatorial zone (the region has more
areas of equatorial plains than any other Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for South America[28]
region.[30]), therefore giving the
Southern Cone more oceanic influence,
which moderates year round temperatures.

The average annual temperatures in the Amazon

basin oscillate around 27  °C (81  °F), with low
thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices.
Between the Maracaibo Lake and the mouth of the
Orinoco, predominates an equatorial climate of the
type Congolese, that also includes parts of the
Brazilian territory.[30]

The east-central Brazilian plateau has a humid and

warm tropical climate. The northern and eastern
parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid
subtropical climate with dry winters and humid
Map of all tropical cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2006
summers of the Chinese type, while the western and
eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the
dinaric type. At the highest points of the Andean region, climates are colder than the ones occurring at the highest
point of the Norwegian fjords. In the Andean plateaus, the warm climate prevails, although it is tempered by the
altitude, while in the coastal strip, there is an equatorial climate of the Guinean type. From this point until the north
of the Chilean coast appear, successively, Mediterranean oceanic climate, temperate of the Breton type and, already
in Tierra del Fuego, cold climate of the Siberian type.[30]

The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses. In most of the tropical region east of the
Andes, winds blowing from the northeast, east and southeast carry moisture from the Atlantic, causing abundant
rainfall. However, due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone, South
Atlantic tropical cyclones are rare.[31] In the Orinoco Llanos and in the Guianas Plateau, the precipitation levels go
from moderate to high. The Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Ecuador are rainy regions, with Chocó in
Colombia being the rainiest place in the world along with the northern slopes of Indian Himalayas.[32] The Atacama
Desert, along this stretch of coast, is one of the driest regions in the world. The central and southern parts of Chile
are subject to extratropical cyclones, and most of the Argentine Patagonia is desert. In the Pampas of Argentina,
Uruguay and South of Brazil the rainfall is moderate, with rains well distributed during the year. The moderately dry
conditions of the Chaco oppose the intense rainfall of the eastern region of Paraguay. In the semiarid coast of the
Brazilian Northeast the rains are linked to a monsoon regime.[30]

Important factors in the determination of climates are sea currents, such as the current Humboldt and Falklands. The
equatorial current of the South Atlantic strikes the coast of the Northeast and there is divided into two others: the
current of Brazil and a coastal current that flows to the northwest towards the Antilles, where there it moves towards
northeast course thus forming the most Important and famous ocean current in the world, the Gulf Stream.[30][33]

Fauna

South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on Earth. South America is home to many unique species of
animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high
biodiversity, containing a major proportion of Earth's species.

History

Prehistory

South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when

people were crossing the Bering Land Bridge (now the Bering Strait) at
least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present-day Russia. They
migrated south through North America, and eventually reached South
America through the Isthmus of Panama.

The first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America
dates back to about 9000 BC, when squashes, chili peppers and beans
began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin.
The prehistoric Cueva de las Manos,
Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food
or "Cave of the Hands", in Argentina
today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC.[34]

By 2000 BC, many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the
Andes and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as
a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian
society.[34]
South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuñas, guanacos, and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes
circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of
goods.[34]

Pre-Columbian civilizations

The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent

human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of
civilizations in South America.

One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico,
on the central Peruvian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the
monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the
pyramids of Ancient Egypt. Norte Chico governing class established a trade
network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavín by 900 BC,
according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found
at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 The Inca estate of Machu Picchu,
meters (10,423 ft). Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC. Peru is one of the New Seven
Wonders of the World.
In the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD,
Moche (100 BC  – 700 AD, at the northern coast of Peru), Paracas and
Nazca (400 BC  – 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving
agriculture through irrigation and new styles of ceramic art. At the Altiplano, Tiahuanaco or Tiwanaku (100 BC –
1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion.

Around the 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or Huari Empire (600–1200, Central and northern Peru)
expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious
iconography.

The Muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now Colombia. They established the Muisca
Confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. They were goldsmiths
and farmers.

Other important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the Cañaris (in south central Ecuador), Chimú Empire (1300–
1470, Peruvian northern coast), Chachapoyas, and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000–1450, Western Bolivia and
southern Peru). Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region
from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantin suyu, and "the land of the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca Empire was
highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some nine to
fourteen million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer road system. Cities were built with precise, unmatched
stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture.

The Mapuche in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the Arauco War for
more than 300 years.

European colonization

In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands
being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope,
that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries.[35]

The treaty established an imaginary line along a north–south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands,
roughly 46° 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South
American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of longitude
were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across
the meridian.
 Beginning in the 1530s, the people and
natural resources of South America were
repeatedly exploited by foreign
conquistadors, first from Spain and later
from Portugal. These competing colonial
nations claimed the land and resources as
their own and divided it into colonies.

European infectious diseases (smallpox,

The Inca–Spanish confrontation in
influenza, measles, and typhus) – to which
the Battle of Cajamarca left
the native populations had no immune Woodcut depicting Italian
thousands of natives dead. resistance – caused large-scale depopulation explorer Amerigo Vespucci's
of the native population under Spanish first voyage (1497–98) to the
control. Systems of forced labor, such as the New World, from the first
haciendas and mining industry's mit'a also contributed to the depopulation. After known published edition of
this, enslaved Africans, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were Vespucci's 1504 letter to
quickly brought in to replace them. Piero Soderini

The Spaniards were committed to

The Portuguese explorer Pedro
Álvares Cabral landing in Brazil in
1500
converting their native subjects to
Christianity and were quick to purge
any native cultural practices that
hindered this end; however, many
initial attempts at this were only
partially successful, as native groups
simply blended Catholicism with
their established beliefs and
practices. Furthermore, the
Spaniards brought their language to Dutch colonial houses in Paramaribo,
the degree they did with their Suriname
religion, although the Roman
Catholic Church's evangelization in
Quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní actually contributed to the continuous use of
these native languages albeit only in the oral form.

Eventually, the natives and the Spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class.
At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of
Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most
mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers.
A painting of the settlement of Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by
Pernambuco in colonial Brazil by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other
Frans Post artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their
transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the
western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve
infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also
significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the
different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages,
many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American.

Guyana was initially colonized by the Dutch before coming under British control, though there was a brief period
during the Napoleonic Wars when it was occupied by the French. The region was initially partitioned between the
Dutch, French and British before fully coming under the control of Britain.
 Suriname was first explored by the Spanish in the 16th century and then
settled by the English in the mid-17th century. It became a Dutch colony in
1667. [36]

Slavery in South America

The indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were

A map of the Spanish and
Portuguese colonies in the Americas
in 1790
forced to work in European plantations and mines; along with enslaved
Africans who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries via the slave
trade. European colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor
during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy,
and natives were often captured by expeditions. The importation of African
slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of
indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. The
Atlantic slave trade brought enslaved Africans primarily to South American
colonies, beginning with the Portuguese since 1502.[37] The main
destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil, as
European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the
New World. Nearly 40% of all African slaves trafficked to the Americas
went to Brazil. An estimated 4.9 million slaves from Africa came to Brazil
during the period from 1501 to 1866.[38][39]

In contrast to other European colonies in the Americas which mainly used

the labor of African slaves, Spanish colonists mainly enslaved indigenous
Americans. In 1750, the Portuguese Crown abolished the enslavement of
indigenous peoples in colonial Brazil, under the belief that they were unfit
Public flogging of a slave in 19th- for labor and less effective than enslaved Africans. Enslaved Africans were
century Brazil brought to the Americas on slave ships, under inhuman conditions and ill-
treatment, and those who survived were sold in slave markets.[40] After
independence, all South American countries maintained slavery for some
time. The first South American country to abolish slavery was Chile in 1823, Uruguay in 1830, Bolivia in 1831,
Colombia and Ecuador in 1851, Argentina in 1853, Peru and Venezuela in 1854, Suriname in 1863, Paraguay in
1869, and in 1888 Brazil was the last South American nation and the last country in western world to abolish
slavery.[41]

Independence from Spain and Portugal

The European Peninsular War (1807–1814), a theater of the Napoleonic Wars, changed the political situation of
both the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the House of Braganza avoided
capture by escaping to Brazil. Napoleon also captured King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and appointed his own brother
instead. This appointment provoked severe popular resistance, which created Juntas to rule in the name of the
captured king.

Many cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves

equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the
Spanish American wars of independence between the patriots, who
promoted such autonomy, and the royalists, who supported Spanish
authority over the Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain and the Americas,
promoted the ideas of the Enlightenment. Five years after the beginning of
the war, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the Absolutist
Restoration as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict. The proclamation of the
Independence of Brazil by Prince
Pedro on 7 September 1822

The Guayaquil conference
between José de San Martín
and Simón Bolívar
The independence of South America was
secured by Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) and
José de San Martín (Argentina), the two
most important Libertadores. Bolívar led a
great uprising in the north, then led his army
southward towards Lima, the capital of the
Viceroyalty of Peru. Meanwhile, San Martín
led an army across the Andes Mountains, Coronation of Pedro I as 1st Emperor
along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated of Brazil
Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by
sea, and sought the military support of
various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. The two armies finally met in
Guayaquil, Ecuador, where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown
and forced its surrender.

In the Portuguese Kingdom of Brazil, Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of

Portugal), son of the Portuguese King Dom João VI, proclaimed the
independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the Empire of
Brazil. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina and
Pará, independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal in
1825, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil mediatized by the
United Kingdom.
Bernardo O'Higgins swears officially
the independence of Chile.
Nation-building and fragmentation

The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with

several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in
Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries
stayed as such up to modern times (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while
others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such
as the Republic of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense Republic).
The Thirty-Three Orientals
The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of Entre proclaimed the independence of
Ríos, led by a caudillo.[42] In spite of the "Republic" in its title, General Cisplatine Province.
Ramírez, its caudillo, never really intended to declare an independent Entre
Rios. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the
monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated Buenos Aires
politics. The "country" was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821.

In 1825 the Cisplatine Province declared its independence from the Empire
of Brazil, which led to the Cisplatine War between the imperials and the
Argentine from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to control the
region. Three years later, the United Kingdom intervened in the question by
proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent
country: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay.
Battle of Fanfa, battle scene in
Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency, Rio Southern Brazil during the
Grande do Sul proclaimed its independence motivated by a tax crisis. With Ragamuffin War
the anticipation of the coronation of Pedro II to the throne of Brazil, the
country could stabilize and fight the separatists, which the province of Santa
Catarina had joined in 1839. The Conflict came to an end by a process of compromise by which both Riograndense
Republic and Juliana Republic were reincorporated as provinces in 1845.[43][44]
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation, a short-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the War of the
Confederation (1836–1839) and again during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Paraguay was virtually destroyed
by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the Paraguayan War.

Wars and conflicts

Despite the Spanish American wars of independence and the Brazilian War
of Independence, the new nations quickly began to suffer with internal
conflicts and wars among themselves. Most of the 1810 borders countries
had initially accepted on the uti possidetis iuris principle had by 1848 either
been altered by war or were contested.[45]

In 1825 the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the Cisplatine

War between historical rivals the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces Imperial Brazilian Navy and army
of the Río de la Plata, Argentina's predecessor. The result was a stalemate, troops during the siege of Paysandú,
ending with the British government arranging for the independence of 1865
Uruguay. Soon after, another Brazilian province proclaimed its
independence leading to the Ragamuffin War which Brazil won.

Between 1836 and 1839 the War of the Confederation broke out between
the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation and Chile, with the support of
the Argentine Confederation. The war was fought mostly in the actual
territory of Peru and ended with a Confederate defeat and the dissolution of
the Confederacy and annexation of many territories by Argentina.

Meanwhile, the Argentine Civil Wars plagued Argentina since its

independence. The conflict was mainly between those who defended the The Uruguayan Army at the Battle of
centralization of power in Buenos Aires and those who defended a Sauce, 1866
confederation. During this period it can be said that "there were two
Argentines": the Argentine Confederation and the Argentine Republic. At
the same time, the political instability in Uruguay led to the Uruguayan Civil
War among the main political factions of the country. All this instability in
the platine region interfered with the goals of other countries such as Brazil,
which was soon forced to take sides. In 1851 the Brazilian Empire,
supporting the centralizing unitarians, and the Uruguayan government
invaded Argentina and deposed the caudillo, Juan Manuel Rosas, who ruled
the confederation with an iron hand. Although the Platine War did not put an
end to the political chaos and civil war in Argentina, it brought temporary
peace to Uruguay where the Colorados faction won, supported by Brazil, The Imperial Brazilian Army during a
Britain, France and the Unitarian Party of Argentina.[46] procession in Paraguay, 1868

Peace lasted only a short time: in 1864 the Uruguayan factions faced each
other again in the Uruguayan War. The Blancos supported by Paraguay
started to attack Brazilian and Argentine farmers near the borders. The
Empire made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and
Colorados without success. In 1864, after a Brazilian ultimatum was
refused, the imperial government declared that Brazil's military would begin
reprisals. Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war, and, for most
of its duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared
war which led to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-
Brazilian Colorados to power again. This angered the Paraguayan
government, which even before the end of the war invaded Brazil, The Chilean Army in the battlefield of
beginning the biggest and deadliest war in both South American and Latin the Battle of Chorrillos, 1883
American histories: the Paraguayan War.
The Paraguayan War began when the Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano
López ordered the invasion of the Brazilian provinces of Mato Grosso and
Rio Grande do Sul. His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without
Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the
war. The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by
sending troops. In 1865 the three countries signed the Treaty of the Triple
Alliance against Paraguay. At the beginning of the war, the Paraguayans
took the lead with several victories, until the Triple Alliance organized to
repel the invaders and fight effectively. This was the second total war
experience in the world after the American Civil War. It was deemed the
A German submarine under attack by
greatest war effort in the history of all participating countries, taking almost
Brazilian Air Force PBY Catalina, 31
6 years and ending with the complete devastation of Paraguay. The country
July 1943
lost 40% of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60% of its
population, including 90% of the men. The dictator Lopez was killed in
battle and a new government was instituted in alliance with Brazil, which maintained occupation forces in the
country until 1876.[47]

The last South American war in the 19th century was the War of the Pacific with Bolivia and Peru on one side and
Chile on the other. In 1879 the war began with Chilean troops occupying Bolivian ports, followed by Bolivia
declaring war on Chile which activated an alliance treaty with Peru. The Bolivians were completely defeated in
1880 and Lima was occupied in 1881. Peace was signed with Peru in 1883 while a truce was signed with Bolivia in
1884. Chile annexed territories of both countries leaving Bolivia landlocked.[48]

In the new century, as wars became less violent and less frequent, Brazil entered into a small conflict with Bolivia
for the possession of the Acre, which was acquired by Brazil in 1902. In 1917 Brazil declared war on the Central
Powers, joined the allied side in the First World War and sent a small fleet to the Mediterranean Sea and some troops
to be integrated with the British and French forces in the region. Brazil was the only South American country that
participated in the First World War.[49][50] Later in 1932 Colombia and Peru entered a short armed conflict for
territory in the Amazon. In the same year Paraguay declared war on Bolivia for possession of the Chaco, in a
conflict that ended three years later with Paraguay's victory. Between 1941 and 1942 Peru and Ecuador fought for
territories claimed by both that were annexed by Peru, usurping Ecuador's frontier with Brazil.[51]

Also in this period, the first major naval battle of World War II took place in the South Atlantic close to the
continental mainland: the Battle of the River Plate, between a British cruiser squadron and a German pocket
battleship.[52] The Germans still made numerous attacks on Brazilian ships on the coast, causing Brazil to declare
war on the Axis powers in 1942, being the only South American country to fight in this war (and in both World
Wars). Brazil sent naval and air forces to combat German and Italian submarines off the continent and throughout
the South Atlantic, in addition to sending an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian Campaign.[53][54]

A brief war was fought between Argentina and the UK in 1982, following an Argentine invasion of the Falkland
Islands, which ended with an Argentine defeat. The last international war to be fought on South American soil was
the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and the Peru along their mutual border.

Rise and fall of military dictatorships

Wars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state
wars. Early in the 20th century, the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval
arms race which began after the introduction of a new warship type, the "dreadnought". At one point, the Argentine
government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include
later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.[55][56]

The continent became a battlefield of the Cold War in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected
governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military
dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of political
prisoners, many of whom were tortured and/or killed on inter-state collaboration. Economically, they began a
 transition to neoliberal economic policies.
They placed their own actions within the US
Cold War doctrine of "National Security"
against internal subversion. Throughout the
1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an
internal conflict.

In 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland

Islands, a British dependent territory. The
The Brazilian Minas Geraes class Falklands War began and 74 days later
kindled an Argentine–Brazilian– Argentine forces surrendered.[57]
Chilean naval arms race.
Colombia has had an ongoing, though Argentine soldiers during the
diminished internal conflict, which started in Falklands War
1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas (FARC-EP) and then involved several
illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of
powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the
stronger, though also greatly reduced, FARC.

Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after World War II, but since the
1980s, a wave of democratization passed through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now.[58]
Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which
have forced the resignation of their governments, although, on most occasions, regular civilian succession has
continued.

International indebtedness turned into a severe problem in the late 1980s,

and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not yet
developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without
resorting to unorthodox economic policies, as most recently illustrated by
Argentina's default in the early 21st century.[59] The last twenty years
have seen an increased push towards regional integration, with the
Presidents of UNASUR member states
creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the Andean
at the Second Brasília Summit on 23
Community, Mercosur and Unasur. Notably, starting with the election of
May 2008
Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced what has
been termed a pink tide – the election of several leftist and center-left
administrations to most countries of the area, except for the Guianas and
Colombia.

Contemporary issues

South America's political geography since the 1990s has been characterized by a desire to reduce foreign
influence.[60] The nationalization of industries, by which the state controls entire economic sectors (as opposed of
private companies doing it), has become a prominent political issues in the region.[60] Some South American nations
have nationalized their electricity industries.[60]
Countries and territories
Country / Population Population
Flag Area[j] Capital Name(s) in official language(s)
Territory (2021)[1][2] density

Argentina 2,766,890 km2 45,276,780 14.3/km2 Buenos

Argentina
(1,068,300 sq mi) (37/sq mi) Aires

Bolivia 1,098,580 km2 12,079,472 8.4/km2 La Paz,

Bolivia/Mborivia/Wuliwya/Puliwya
(424,160 sq mi) (22/sq mi) Sucre[k]

Bouvet
Island 49 km2 0 0/km2 — Bouvetøya
(19 sq mi) (0/sq mi)
(Norway)[l]

Brazil 8,514,877 km2 214,326,223 22/km2 Brasília Brasil

(3,287,612 sq mi) (57/sq mi)

756,950 km2 22/km2
Chile[m] 19,493,184 Santiago Chile
(292,260 sq mi) (57/sq mi)

Colombia 1,141,748 km2 51,516,562 40/km2 Bogotá Colombia

(440,831 sq mi) (100/sq mi)

Ecuador 283,560 km2 17,797,737 53.8/km2 Quito Ecuador/Ikwayur/Ekuatur

(109,480 sq mi) (139/sq mi)

Falkland
Islands 12,173 km2 3,764 0.26/km2 Stanley Falkland Islands
(United (4,700 sq mi) (0.67/sq mi)
Kingdom)
French
Guiana 91,000 km2 297,449 2.1/km2 Cayenne
Guyane
(35,000 sq mi) (5.4/sq mi) (Préfecture)
(France)

Guyana 214,999 km2 804,567 3.5/km2 Georgetown Guyana

(83,012 sq mi) (9.1/sq mi)

Paraguay 406,750 km2 6,703,799 15.6/km2 Asunción Paraguay/Paraguái

(157,050 sq mi) (40/sq mi)

Peru 1,285,220 km2 33,715,471 22/km2 Lima Perú/Piruw/Piruw

(496,230 sq mi) (57/sq mi)

South
Georgia
and the
King
South 3,093 km2 20 0/km2 Edward
South Georgia and the South
Sandwich (1,194 sq mi) (0/sq mi) Sandwich Islands
Islands Point
(United
Kingdom)[n]

Suriname 163,270 km2 612,985 3/km2 Paramaribo Suriname

(63,040 sq mi) (7.8/sq mi)

Uruguay 176,220 km2 3,426,260 19.4/km2 Montevideo Uruguay/Uruguai

(68,040 sq mi) (50/sq mi)

Venezuela 916,445 km2 28,199,867 27.8/km2 Caracas Venezuela

(353,841 sq mi) (72/sq mi)

Total 17,824,513 km2 434,254,119 21.5/km2

(6,882,083 sq mi) (56/sq mi)

Government and politics

 Historically, the Hispanic countries
were founded as Republican
dictatorships led by caudillos. Brazil
was the only exception, being a
constitutional monarchy for its first
67 years of independence, until a
coup d'état proclaimed a republic. In
the late 19th century, the most Headquarters of the UNASUR in
democratic countries were Quito, Ecuador
Brazil,[62] Chile, Argentina and
Uruguay.[63]

All South American countries are

presidential republics with the
exception of Suriname, a
parliamentary republic. French
Guiana is a French overseas
Scheme for geographic regions and department, while the Falkland
subregions used by the United Islands and South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands are British South American flags
Nations Statistics Division
overseas territories. It is currently the
only inhabited continent in the world
without monarchies; the Empire of Brazil existed during the 19th century and there was an unsuccessful attempt to
establish a Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia in southern Argentina and Chile. Also in the twentieth century,
Suriname was established as a constituent kingdom of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Guyana retained the
British monarch as head of state for 4 years after its independence.

Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions:
Mercosur and the Andean Community, thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.[64] This new political
organization, known as Union of South American Nations, seeks to establish free movement of people, economic
development, a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs.

Demographics
South America has a population of over 428 million people. They are distributed as
to form a "hollow continent" with most of the population concentrated around the
margins of the continent.[60] On one hand, there are several sparsely populated areas
such as tropical forests, the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia. On
the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the
great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly
Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and Amerindians. There is a high
percentage of Mestizos that vary greatly in composition by place. There is also a
minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil, Peru, and Argentina. The two main
languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by English, French and
Dutch in smaller numbers. Satellite view of South
America at night from
NASA, showing the contrast
Language between heavily populated
coastal areas and the more
Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America, with remote regions of the
approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most Amazonian interior and
countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the Patagonia
official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the
official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages
 spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and
several native languages.[65] English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands.
French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in
Amapá, Brazil.

Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru, Bolivia,

Ecuador, Chile and Colombia; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia (La
Guajira) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia); Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a
much lesser extent, in Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in
Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile. At
least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and
Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.

Other languages found in South America include Hindustani and Javanese

Official languages in South America in Suriname; Italian in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Venezuela; and
German in certain pockets of Argentina and Brazil. German is also spoken
in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, Riograndenser
Hunsrückisch being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a
Brazilian form of East Pomeranian is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. Welsh remains spoken and
written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese,
Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in
Paraguay.[66]

Religion

An estimated 90% of South Americans are Christians[67] (82% Roman

Catholic, 8% other Christian denominations mainly traditional Protestants
and Evangelicals but also Orthodox), accounting for 19% of Christians
worldwide.

African descendent religions and Indigenous religions are also common

throughout all South America; some examples of are Santo Daime,
Candomblé, and Umbanda.
Las Lajas Sanctuary, Ipiales,
Crypto-Jews or Marranos, conversos, and Anusim were an important part of Colombia
colonial life in Latin America.

Both Buenos Aires, Argentina and São Paulo, Brazil figure among the largest Jewish populations by urban area.

East Asian religions such as Japanese Buddhism, Shintoism, and Shinto-derived Japanese New Religions are
common in Brazil and Peru. Korean Confucianism is especially found in Brazil while Chinese Buddhism and
Chinese Confucianism have spread throughout the continent.

Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries.

Hindus form 25% of the Guyanese population and 22% of Suriname's.[68][69]

Muslims account for 6.8% of the Guyanese population and 13.9 of the Surinamese population.[68][69] Almost all
Muslims in Suriname are either Javanese or Indians and in Guyana, most are Indian.

Part of Religions in South America (2013):[70]

 Religion in South America
Countries Christians Roman Catholics Other Christians No religion (atheists and agnostics)

Argentina 88% 77% 11% 11%

Bolivia 96% 74% 22% 4%

Brazil 88% 64% 22% 8%

Chile 70% 57% 13% 25%

Colombia 92% 80% 12% 7%

Paraguay 96% 87% 9% 2%

Peru 94% 81% 13% 3%

Suriname 51% 29% 22% 5%

Uruguay 58% 47% 11% 41%

Venezuela 88% 71% 17% 8%

Ethnic demographics

Genetic admixture occurs at very high levels

in South America. In Argentina, the
European influence accounts for 65–79% of
the genetic background, Amerindian for 17–
31% and sub-Saharan African for 2–4%. In
Colombia, the sub-Saharan African genetic
background varied from 1% to 89%, while
the European genetic background varied
Spanish-Venezuelan protesters in from 20% to 79%, depending on the region.
Madrid In Peru, European ancestries ranged from
1% to 31%, while the African contribution
was only 1% to 3%.[71] The Genographic A Japanese-Brazilian Miko
Project determined the average Peruvian during a festival in Curitiba
from Lima had about 28% European
ancestry, 68% Native American, 2%
Asian ancestry and 2% sub-Saharan
African.[72]

Descendants of indigenous peoples,

such as the Quechua and Aymara, or
President of Brazil Lula and
the Urarina[73] of Amazonia make
members of the Italian Brazilian
up the majority of the population in
community during the Grape Festival
Bolivia (56%) and Peru
at Caxias do Sul
(44%).[74][75] In Ecuador, Peruvian woman and her son
Amerindians are a large minority
that comprises two-fifths of the population. The native European population
is also a significant element in most other former Portuguese colonies.

People who identify as of primarily or totally European descent, or identify their phenotype as corresponding to such
group, are a majority in Argentina,[76] Uruguay[77] and Chile (64.7%),[78] and are 48.4% of the population in
Brazil.[79][80][81] In Venezuela, according to the national census, 42% of the population is primarily native Spanish,
Italian and Portuguese descendants.[82] In Colombia, people who identify as European descendants are about
37%.[83][84] In Peru, European descendants are the third group in number (15%).[85]
Mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela,
Colombia[83] and Ecuador and the second group in Peru and Chile.

South America is also home to one of the largest populations of Africans. This group is significantly present in
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela and Ecuador.

Brazil followed by Peru have the largest Japanese, Korean and Chinese communities in South America, Lima has
the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.[86] Guyana and Suriname have the largest ethnic East
Indian community.

Ethnic distribution in South America[87][88][89]

White Black Asian
Country Amerindians Mestizos / Pardos Mulatos Zambos
people people people
Argentina 1% 85% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Bolivia 48% 12% 37% 2% 0% <1% 0%

Brazil <1% 48% 43% 0% 8% 0% 2%

Chile 6% 57% 37% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Colombia 2% 37% 50% 8% 2% 0% <1%

Ecuador 39% 10% 41% 5% 5% 0% 0%

Paraguay 3% 20% 75% 4% 0% 0% 0%

Peru 45% 15% 35% 2% 0% 0% 3%

13.4%* noted in Suriname as

*see *see
Suriname 3.8% 1% mixed, regardless of race 37.4% 48.3%
Pardo Pardo
combination
Uruguay 0% 88% 8% 4% 0% 0% 0%

Venezuela 2.7% 43.6% 51.6% 0.7% 2.8% 0.6% 0.6%

19.9%* noted in Guyana as

*see *see
Guyana 10.5% 0.36% mixed regardless of race 29.2% 39.98%
Pardo Pardo
combination

Indigenous people

In many places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-
gatherers. There are still some uncontacted tribes residing in the Amazon Rainforest.[90]

Aguarunas
Alacalufe
Arawaks
Ashanincas
Atacameños
Awá
Aymara – live in the Altiplano of Bolivia, Chile and Peru. Their language is co-official in Bolivia and
Peru. Traditional lifestyle includes llama herding.
Banawa
Cañaris
Caiapos
Chibcha
Cocama
Chayahuita
 Diaguita
Enxet
Gê,
Guaraní – live in Paraguay where the Guarani language is co-official with Spanish. The ethnic group
is also found in Bolivia.
Juris
Kuna live on the Colombia–Panama border.
Mapuche – live mainly in southern Chile and southwestern Argentina (see Araucanian).
Matsés
Pehuenche – a branch of Mapuches that lived in the Andean valleys of southern (see Araucanian).
Quechuas – make up a large part of the population of Peru and Bolivia. Are diverse as an ethnic
group. The Incas spoke Southern Quechua.
Selknam
Shipibo
Shuar (see Jívaro).
Tupi
Urarina
Wai-Wai
Wayuu
Xucuru
Yaghan
Yagua
Yąnomamö
Zaparos

Populace

The most populous country in South America is Brazil with 214.3 million people. The second largest country is
Colombia with a population of 51,516,562. Argentina is the third most populous country with 45,276,780.

While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to
those nations. The largest cities in South America, by far, are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Santiago,
Lima, and Bogotá. These cities are the only cities on the continent whose metropolitan areas' population exceed
eight million. Next in size are Caracas, Belo Horizonte, and Medellin.

Five of the top ten metropolitan areas are in Brazil. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 4
million and include the São Paulo metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, and Belo Horizonte
metropolitan area. Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within Brazil, Argentina is host to the
second largest metropolitan area by population in South America: the Buenos Aires metropolitan region is above 13
million inhabitants.

South America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas. In Brazil four megaregions exist including
the Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo with more than 32 million inhabitants. The others are the Greater
Rio, Greater Belo Horizonte and Greater Porto Alegre. Colombia also has four megaregions which comprise 72% of
its population, followed by Venezuela, Argentina and Peru which are also homes of megaregions.

The top ten largest South American metropolitan areas by population as of 2015, based on national census numbers
from each country:
 Metro Area Population Area Country South American cities
São Paulo 21,090,792 7,947 km2 (3,068 sq mi) Brazil

Buenos Aires 13,693,657 3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi) Argentina

Rio de Janeiro 13,131,431 6,744 km2 (2,604 sq mi) Brazil

Lima 9,904,727 2,819 km2 (1,088 sq mi) Peru

Bogotá 9,800,225 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi) Colombia

São Paulo
Santiago 6,683,852 15,403 km2 (5,947 sq mi) Chile

Belo Horizonte 5,829,923 9,467 km2 (3,655 sq mi) Brazil

Caracas 5,322,310 4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi) Venezuela

Porto Alegre 4,258,926 10,232 km2 (3,951 sq mi) Brazil

Brasilia 4,201,737 56,433 km2 (21,789 sq mi) Brazil

Buenos Aires
2015 Census figures.

Economy

Rio de Janeiro

Rafael Correa, Evo Morales, Néstor

Kirchner, Cristina Fernández, Luiz
Santiago
Inácio Lula da Silva, Nicanor Duarte,
and Hugo Chávez signed the
founding charter of the Bank of the
South.

Trading panel of the São Paulo

Stock Exchange is the second
biggest in the Americas and 13th in
the world.
 Financial center of Santiago, Chile

South America relies less on the export of both manufactured goods and
natural resources than the world average; merchandise exports from the
continent were 16% of GDP on an exchange rate basis, compared to 25%
for the world as a whole.[91] Brazil (the seventh largest economy in the
world and the largest in South America) leads in terms of merchandise
exports at $251 billion, followed by Venezuela at $93 billion, Chile at $86
billion, and Argentina at $84 billion.[91]
Launch at the Kourou Space Centre
Since 1930, the continent has experienced remarkable growth and
in French Guiana
diversification in most economic sectors. Most agricultural and livestock
products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption.
However, the export of agricultural products is essential for the balance of
trade in most countries.[92]

The main agrarian crops are export crops, such as soy and wheat. The
production of staple foods such as vegetables, corn or beans is large, but
focused on domestic consumption. Livestock raising for meat exports is
important in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Colombia. In tropical
regions the most important crops are coffee, cocoa and bananas, mainly in
Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Traditionally, the countries producing sugar
Refinery of Brazilian state-owned
for export are Peru, Guyana and Suriname, and in Brazil, sugar cane is also
Petrobras in Cochabamba, Bolivia
used to make ethanol. On the coast of Peru, northeast and south of Brazil,
cotton is grown. 50.5% of the South America's land surface is covered by
forest,[93] but timber industries are small and directed to domestic markets.
In recent years, however, transnational companies have been settling in the
Amazon to exploit noble timber destined for export. The Pacific coastal
waters of South America are the most important for commercial fishing. The
anchovy catch reaches thousands of tonnes, and tuna is also abundant (Peru
is a major exporter). The capture of crustaceans is remarkable, particularly in
northeastern Brazil and Chile.[92]

Only Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 (industrial countries), while Chuquicamata is the largest open pit
only Brazil is part of the G8+5 (the most powerful and influential nations in mine in the world, near the city of
the world). In the tourism sector, a series of negotiations began in 2005 to Calama in Chile.
promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. Punta del
Este, Florianópolis and Mar del Plata are among the most important resorts
in South America.[92]

The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela and Uruguay
respectively. These countries alone account for more than 75 percent of the region's economy and add up to a GDP
of more than US$3.0 trillion. Industries in South America began to take on the economies of the region from the
1930s when the Great Depression in the United States and other countries of the world boosted industrial production
in the continent. From that period the region left the agricultural side behind
and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the
early 1990s when they slowed due to political instabilities, economic crises
and neoliberal policies.[92]

Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina that occurred in
the period from 1998 to 2002, which has led to economic recession, rising
unemployment and falling population income, the industrial and service
sectors have been recovering rapidly. Chile, Argentina and Brazil have KC-390 is the largest military
recovered fastest, growing at an average of 5% per year. All of South transport aircraft produced in South
America after this period has been recovering and showing good signs of America by the Brazilian company
economic stability, with controlled inflation and exchange rates, continuous Embraer.
growth, a decrease in social inequality and unemployment–factors that favor
industry.[92]

The main industries are: electronics, textiles, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation,
naval, clothing, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others. Exports
reach almost US$400 billion annually, with Brazil accounting for half of this.[92]

The economic gap between the rich and poor in most South American nations is
larger than on most other continents. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the
nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay,[94] while the
poorest 20% receive 4% or less in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia.[95] This wide gap
can be seen in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums
lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and upper-class luxury apartments; nearly one in Vineyard in Luján de Cuyo,
nine South Americans live on less than $2 per day (on a purchasing power parity province of Mendoza,
basis).[96] Argentina
 Percent
GDP with
GDP (nominal) GDP (PPP) (PPP) Merchandise less
HDI
in 2017 (in in 2017 (in per exports than
Country in 2017
millions of millions of capita ($bn), $2 (PPP)
(rank) [98]
dollars) [97] dollars) [97] in 2011 [91] per
2017 [97] person
per day
Argentina 628,935 912,816 20,707 83.7 0.825 2.6
Bolivia 39,267 83,608 7,552 9.1 0.693 24.9
Brazil 2,140,940 3,216,031 15,485 250.8 0.759 10.8
Chile 251,220 455,941 24,796 86.1 0.845 2.7
Colombia 306,439 720,151 14,609 56.5 0.747 15.8
Ecuador 97,362 184,629 11,004 22.3 0.752 10.6
Falkland
206.4 206.4 70,800 0.26
Islands[99] (UK)
French
Guiana [100] 4,456 4,456 19,728 1.3
(France)
Guyana 3,591 6,398 8,306 0.9 0.654 18.0
Paraguay 28,743 68,005 9,779 9.8 0.702 13.2
Peru 207,072 429,711 13,501 46.3 0.750 12.7
Suriname 3,641 7,961 13,934 1.6 0.720 27.2
Uruguay 58,123 77,800 22,271 8.0 0.804 2.2
Venezuela 251,589 404,109 12,856 92.6 0.761 12.9
Total 3,836,569 6,642,623 17,852 669.1 0.772 11.3

Economically largest cities as of 2014

Rank City Country GDP in Int$ bn[101] Population (mil)[101] GDP per capita

1 São Paulo Brazil $430 20,847,500 $20,650

2 Buenos Aires Argentina $315 13,381,800 $23,606

3 Lima Peru $176 10,674,100 $16,530

4 Rio de Janeiro Brazil $176 12,460,200 $14,176

5 Santiago Chile $171 7,164,400 $32,929

6 Bogotá Colombia $160 9,135,800 $17,497

7 Brasília Brazil $141 3,976,500 $35,689

8 Belo Horizonte Brazil $84 5,595,800 $15,134

9 Porto Alegre Brazil $62 4,120,900 $15,078

10 Campinas Brazil $59 2,854,200 $20,759

The four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. Currently:

Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy, coffee, orange, guaraná, açaí and Brazil nut;
is one of the top 5 producers of maize, papaya, tobacco, pineapple, banana, cotton, beans, coconut,
watermelon, lemon and yerba mate; is one of the top 10 world producers of cocoa, cashew,
 avocado, tangerine, persimmon,
mango, guava, rice, oat,
sorghum and tomato; and is one
of the top 15 world producers of
grape, apple, melon, peanut, fig,
peach, onion, palm oil and
natural rubber;
Argentina is the world's largest
producer of yerba mate; is one of
Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. Soy plantation in Mato Grosso. In
the 5 largest producers in the
In 2018, Brazil was the world's world of soy, maize, sunflower 2020, Brazil was the world's largest
largest producer, with 746 million seed, lemon and pear, one of the producer, with 130 million tonnes.
tonnes. South America produces half 10 largest producers in the world South America produces half of the
of the world's sugarcane. of barley, grape, artichoke, world's soybeans.
tobacco and cotton, and one of
the 15 largest producers in the
world of wheat, oat, chickpea,
sugarcane, sorghum and
grapefruit;
Chile is one of the 5 largest
world producers of cherry and
Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018,
cranberry, and one of the 10
Brazil was the world's largest
largest world producers of grape,
producer, with 3.5 million tonnes.
apple, kiwi, peach, plum and
South America produces half of the hazelnut, focusing on exporting Orange in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil
world's coffee. high-value fruits; was the world's largest producer, with
Colombia is one of the 5 largest 17 million tonnes. South America
producers in the world of coffee, produces 25% of the world's orange.
avocado and palm oil, and one of the 10 largest producers in the
world of sugarcane, banana, pineapple and cocoa;
Peru is the world's largest producer of quinoa; is one of the 5 largest producers of avocado,
blueberry, artichoke and asparagus; one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and
cocoa; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and pineapple, and also has a
considerable production of grape, sugarcane, rice, banana, maize and cassava; its agriculture is
considerably diversified;
Paraguay's agriculture is currently developing, being currently the 6th largest producer of soy in the
world and entering the list of the 20 largest producers of maize and sugarcane.[102]

Brazil is the world's largest exporter of chicken meat: 3.77 million tonnes in
2019.[103][104] The country is the holder of the second largest herd of cattle
in the world, 22.2% of the world herd. The country was the second largest
producer of beef in 2019, responsible for 15.4% of global production.[105] It
was also the 3rd largest world producer of milk in 2018. This year, the
country produced 35.1 billion liters.[106] In 2019, Brazil was the 4th largest
pork producer in the world, with almost 4 million tonnes.[107]

In 2018, Argentina was the 4th largest producer of beef in the world, with a Truck of a meat company in Brazil.
production of 3 million tonnes (behind only USA, Brazil and China). South America produces 20% of the
Uruguay is also a major meat producer. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand world's beef and chicken meat.
tonnes of beef.[108]

In chicken meat production, Argentina ranks among the 15 largest producers in the world, and Peru and Colombia
among the 20 biggest producers. In beef production, Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers in the world. In
honey production, Argentina ranks among the 5 largest producers in the world, and Brazil among the 15 largest. In
terms of production of cow's milk, Argentina ranks among the 20 largest producers in the world.[109]
 The World Bank annually lists the
top manufacturing countries by total
manufacturing value. According to
the 2019 list, Brazil has the
thirteenth most valuable industry in
the world (US$173.6 billion),
Venezuela the thirtieth largest
EMS, the largest Brazilian
(US$58.2 billion, however, it
pharmaceutical industry
depends on oil to obtain this value), Braskem, the largest Brazilian
Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 chemical industry
billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest
(US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).[110]

Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's
industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft (Embraer), food, pharmaceutical,
footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. In the food industry, in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of
processed foods in the world.[111][112][113] In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer of pulp in the world
and the 8th producer of paper.[114][115][116] In the footwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world
producers.[117][118][119][120] In 2019, the country was the 8th producer of vehicles and the 9th producer of steel in
the world.[121][122][123] In 2018, the chemical industry of Brazil was the 8th in the world.[124][125][126] In textile
industry, Brazil, although it was among the 5 largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated in world
trade.[127]

Mining is one of the most important

Cerro Rico, Potosi, Bolivia, still a
major silver mine
economic sectors in South America,
especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia,
whose economies are highly dependent on
this sector. The continent has large
productions of gold (mainly in Peru, Brazil
and Argentina);[128] silver (mainly in Peru,
Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);[129] copper
(mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);[130] iron
ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);[131] zinc (Peru,
Bolivia and Brazil);[132] molybdenum
(Chile and Peru);[133] lithium (Chile,
Argentina and Brazil);[134] lead (Peru and Amethyst mine in Ametista
Bolivia);[135] bauxite (Brazil);[136] tin (Peru, do Sul. South America is a
Bolivia and Brazil);[137] manganese major producer of gems
(Brazil);[138] antimony (Bolivia and such as amethyst, topaz,
emerald, aquamarine and
Ecuador);[139] nickel (Brazil);[140] niobium
tourmaline.
(Brazil);[141] rhenium (Chile);[142] iodine
(Chile),[143] among others.

Iron mine in Minas Gerais. Brazil is Brazil stands out in the extraction of iron ore (where it is the 2nd largest
the world's second largest iron ore producer and exporter in the world - iron ore is usually one of the 3 export
exporter. products that generate the greatest value in the country's trade balance),
copper, gold, bauxite (one of the 5 largest producers in the world),
manganese (one of the 5 largest producers in the world), tin (one of the
largest producers in the world), niobium (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world) and nickel. In terms of
gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst, topaz, agate and one of the main producers of
tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal.[144][145][146][147][148][149]

Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production.[150] In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the
world's largest producer of iodine[151] and rhenium,[152] the second largest producer of lithium[153] and
molybdenum,[133] the sixth largest producer of silver,[154] the seventh largest producer of salt,[155] the eighth largest
producer of potash,[156] the thirteenth producer of sulfur[157] and the thirteenth producer of iron ore[158] in the
world.

In 2019, Peru was the 2nd largest world producer of copper[159] and silver,[154] 8th largest world producer of
gold,[160] 3rd largest world producer of lead,[135] 2nd largest world producer of zinc,[161] 4th largest world
producer of tin,[162] 5th largest world producer of boron[163] and 4th largest world producer of molybdenum.[133]

In 2019, Bolivia was the 8th largest world producer of silver;[154] 4th largest world producer of boron;[163] 5th
largest world producer of antimony;[164] 5th largest world producer of tin;[162] 6th largest world producer of
tungsten;[165] 7th largest producer of zinc,[166] and the 8th largest producer of lead.[135][167][168]

In 2019, Argentina was the 4th largest world producer of lithium,[153] the 9th largest world producer of silver,[154]
the 17th largest world producer of gold[160] and the 7th largest world producer of boron.[163]

Colombia is the world's largest producer of emeralds.[169] In the production of gold, among 2006 and 2017, the
country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of 66.1
tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the
world.[170] In the production of silver, in 2017 the country extracted 15,5 tons.[167][168][171]

In the production of oil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day.
Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day, Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand barrels / day,
Ecuador in 28th with 531 thousand barrels / day and Argentina 29th with 507 thousand barrels / day. As Venezuela
and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of OPEC. Venezuela had a big
drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to
2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investments.[172]

In the production of natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil
877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.[173]

In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, Brazil exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent
per day, for the first time. In January 2021, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of
natural gas were extracted.[174]
In the production of coal, the continent had 2 of the 30 largest world producers in 2018: Colombia (12th) and Brazil
(27th).[175]

Gallery

Grape plantation in Maize in Dourados. Salmon farming in Neugebauer

Argentina. Argentina Brazil and Argentina Chile. One third of Chocolate Factory in
and Chile are are among the 5 all salmon sold in Arroio do Meio.
among the 10 largest world the world comes South America
largest grape and producers. from the country. specializes in food
wine producers in processing.
the world and Brazil
among the 20
largest.

Steel-maker CSN, in Klabin industrial Portico of the Hering, in Santa

Volta Redonda. complex, in Democrata men's Catarina, Brazil. The
Brazil is one of the Ortigueira. Brazil is shoe factory, in country has one of
10 largest steel the second largest Franca. Brazil is the the 5 largest textile
producers in the pulp producer and fourth largest shoe industries in the
world, and Argentina the eighth largest manufacturer in the world.
is one of the 30 paper producer in world.
largest. the world.
Mercedes-Benz Copper mine in Colombian emerald. Copacabana
plant in São Paulo. Chile. Latin America The country is the Palace, the best
Brazil is among the produces more than largest producer of hotel in South
10 largest vehicle half of the world's emeralds in the America, in Rio de
manufacturers in the copper. world, and Brazil is Janeiro. Tourism
world and Argentina one of the largest brings important
among the 30 producers. currencies to the
largest. continent.

Honey production in Sunflower plantation Chilean cherries. Chilean kiwi. The

Argentina. The in Argentina. The Chile is one of the country is one of the
country is the third country is the top 5 producers of 10 largest kiwi
largest producer of world's third largest sweet cherries in the producers in the
honey in the world. producer of world. world.
sunflower seed.

Palm plantation in Pineapple in Brazil. Oil refinery in

Magdalena. The country is the Amuay. Venezuela
Colombia is one of 3rd largest producer is one of the largest
the top 5 palm oil in the world. South oil producers in the
producers in the America produces world.
world. close to 20% of the
world's pineapple.

Tourism
Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries.[176][177]

Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities,
and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in
the region are Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis, Iguazu Falls, São Paulo, Armação dos Búzios, Salvador, Bombinhas,
Angra dos Reis, Balneário Camboriú, Paraty, Ipojuca, Natal, Cairu, Fortaleza and Itapema in Brazil;[178] Buenos
Aires, Bariloche, Salta, Jujuy, Perito Moreno Glacier, Valdes Peninsula, Guarani Jesuit Missions in the cities of
Misiones and Corrientes, Ischigualasto Provincial Park, Ushuaia and Patagonia in Argentina;[179] Isla Margarita,
Angel Falls, Los Roques archipelago, Gran Sabana in Venezuela; Machu Picchu, Lima, Nazca Lines, Cuzco in
Peru; Lake Titicaca, Salar de Uyuni, La Paz, Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos in Bolivia; Tayrona National Natural
Park, Santa Marta, Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Cartagena in Colombia, and the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador.[180][181]
In 2016 Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Panorama of Cartagena (2008), a major port on the northern coast of Colombia and one of the country's main tourist
destinations

Culture
South Americans are culturally
influenced by their indigenous
peoples, the historic connection
with the Iberian Peninsula and
Africa, and waves of immigrants
from around the globe. Teatro Solis, Uruguay National Library, Brazil Arya Diwaker Hindu temple,
Paramaribo, Suriname
South American nations have a
rich variety of music. Some of
the most famous genres include vallenato and cumbia from Colombia, pasillo from Colombia and Ecuador, samba,
bossa nova and música sertaneja from Brazil, joropo from Venezuela and tango from Argentina and Uruguay. Also
well known is the non-commercial folk genre Nueva Canción movement which was founded in Argentina and
Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America.

People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo (mixed) of South
American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the Tondero (from Piura), the 19th-century popular Creole
Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century Paraguayan Guarania. In the late
20th century, Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. Brazil has a
Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. In the central and western
regions of Bolivia, Andean and folklore music like Diablada, Caporales and Morenada are the most representative of
the country, which were originated by European, Aymara and Quechua influences.
The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical
and popular acclaim, especially with the Latin American Boom
of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as Mario
Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez in novels and Jorge Luis
Borges and Pablo Neruda in other genres. The Brazilians
Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded
as the greatest Brazilian writers.

Food and drink

Tango show in Buenos Carmen Miranda,
Because of South America's broad ethnic mix, South American
Aires, typical Argentine Portuguese Brazilian
cuisine has African, Mestizo, South Asian, East Asian, and
dance singer helped
European influences. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well known for
popularize samba
its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, internationally.
Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly
consume wine. People in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay,
southern Chile, Bolivia and Southern Brazil drink mate, an herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, terere,
differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. Pisco is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile.
Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic
food.

Plastic arts

The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999) from Ecuador, represented

with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America[182]
highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian
Fernando Botero (1932) is one of the greatest exponents of painting and
sculpture that continues still active and has been able to develop a
recognizable style of his own.[183] For his part, the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz-
Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art,[184] with the
presence of works around the world.
Bird (UOB Plaza, Singapore),
Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by sculpture of Colombian artist
international art critics: Guillermo Lorca  – Chilean painter,[185][186] Teddy Fernando Botero
Cobeña – Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award
in France)[187][188][189] and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas[190][191] –
winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others.

Sport

A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with
football being the most popular overall, while baseball is the most popular in
Venezuela.

Other sports include basketball, cycling, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, "Chromovegetal Maze" by Carlos
rugby (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), handball, tennis, golf, field Cruz Diez, in Caracas
hockey, boxing, and cricket.

South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016, and has hosted the Youth Olympic
Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2018.

South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history
and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record
for most times winning the FIFA World Cup with five titles.[192] Argentina has three titles and Uruguay two. So far
five South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first
edition in Uruguay (1930). Two were from Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile
(1962), and Argentina (1978).

South America is home to the longest-running international football

tournament, the Copa América, which has been contested since 1916.
Argentina and Uruguay have won the Copa América 15 times each, the
most among all countries.
Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro,
Also, in South America, a multi-sport event, the South American Games, are
Brazil
held every four years. The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the
most recent took place in Santiago in 2014.

South American Cricket Championship is an international one-day cricket tournament played since 1995 featuring
national teams from South America and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently
played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons.

Infrastructure

Energy

Due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation conditions,

the region's water resources vary enormously in different areas. In the
Andes, navigation possibilities are limited, except for the Magdalena River,
Lake Titicaca and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina.
Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to
Patagonia. Less than 10% of the known electrical potential of the Andes had Wind farm in the Paraguaná
been used until the mid-1960s. Peninsula, Venezuela

The Brazilian Highlands have a much higher hydroelectric potential than the
Andean region and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high
margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and
others. The Amazon River system has about 13,000 km of waterways, but its possibilities for hydroelectric use are
still unknown.

Most of the continent's energy is generated through hydroelectric power plants, but there is also an important share
of thermoelectric and wind energy. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries that generate nuclear
power, each with two nuclear power plants. In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation
agreement.

Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, the second largest of the world in energy production

The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum.
Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in
2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production
manages to supply the country's demand.[172] In the beginning of 2020, in
the production of oil and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels
of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million
barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were
extracted.[174]

Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. In 2019,

Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity
of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.[193] In the total
generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of Wind power in Parnaíba
installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority,
hydroelectric).[194][195]

In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National
Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the
country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost
42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity.
The hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed
capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to the
thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity;
Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo
accounted for the rest. The South Region owns the Itaipu Dam, which was Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Angra
the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro
inauguration of Three Gorges Dam in China. It remains the second largest
operating hydroelectric in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu
Plant with Paraguay: the dam is located on the Paraná River, located on the
border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW
for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. North Region has large
hydroelectric plants, such as Belo Monte Dam and Tucuruí Dam, which
produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not
yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several
renewable energy plants in its territory.[196][197]

As of July 2022, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest
in Brazil and Latin America with a
was 22 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%.[198][199] While the world
capacity of 321 MW
average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in
Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record
with average capacity factors over 60%;[200][201] the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the
coast and 49% in the interior.[202] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.[203]
In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW
(this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.[204][205] In 2021 Brazil was
the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),[206][207] and the 4th largest producer of
wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.[208][209]

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.[210] The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned
by Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), a wholly owned subsidiary of Eletrobrás. Nuclear energy is
produced by two reactors at Angra. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the
Praia de Itaorna in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. It consists of two pressurized water reactors, Angra I, with
capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in
2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.[211]

As of October  2022, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 21 GW, with average
capacity factor of 23%.[212] Some of the most irradiated Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia")
and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world irradiation level records.[213][201][214] In 2019, solar power represented
1.27% of the energy generated in the country.[203] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of
installed solar power (13 GW),[215] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[216]
In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy
production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.[217]

After Brazil, Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the
country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural
gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where
the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in
2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of
installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW).
Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the
largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it
dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only
300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country
in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in
the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil
producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically
recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity
to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy
companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest
in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind
energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of
installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in
the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar
energy production in the Atacama Desert region. Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the
Itaipu Power Plant. Bolivia stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in
2015. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world
in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.[218][219][220][209]

Transport

Transport in South America is basically carried out using the road mode, the
most developed in the region. There is also a considerable infrastructure of
ports and airports. The railway and fluvial sector, although it has potential, is
usually treated in a secondary way.

Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of roads, of which 215,000  km are
paved, and about 14,000 km are divided highways. The two most important
highways in the country are BR-101 and BR-116.[221] Argentina has more
than 600,000 km of roads, of which about 70,000 km are paved, and about
Ruta 9 / 14, in Zarate, Argentina
2,500 km are divided highways. The three most important highways in the
country are Route 9, Route 7 and Route 14.[221] Colombia has about
210,000 km of roads, and about 2,300 km are divided highways.[222] Chile
has about 82,000  km of roads, 20,000  km of which are paved, and about
2,000 km are divided highways. The most important highway in the country
is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway)[223] These 4 countries are the ones
with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane
highways.

Due to the Andes Mountains, Amazon River and Amazon Forest, there have
always been difficulties in implementing transcontinental or bioceanic Rio–Niterói Bridge
highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected
Brazil to Buenos Aires, in Argentina and later to Santiago, in Chile.
However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-
Peru (Interoceanic Highway), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile
(Bioceanic Corridor).
There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second
largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. São
Paulo International Airport, located in the Metropolitan Region of São
Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country - the airport connects São
Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44
international airports, such as those in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo
Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza,
Belém and Manaus, among others. Argentina has important international
airports such as Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto
Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. Chile has important
Rio de Janeiro International Airport
international airports such as Santiago, Antofagasta, Puerto Montt, Punta
Arenas and Iquique, among others. Colombia has important international
airports such as Bogotá, Medellín, Cartagena, Cali and Barranquilla, among
others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo),
Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). The 10
busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil),
Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru),
Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina),
Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).[224]

About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as Port of
Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande,
Port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. Argentina has ports such as Port of
Buenos Aires and Port of Rosario. Chile has important ports in Valparaíso, Caldera,
Mejillones, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. Colombia has important
ports such as Buenaventura, Cartagena Container Terminal and Puerto Bolivar. Peru
has important ports in Callao, Ilo and Matarani. The 15 busiest ports in South Port of Itajaí, Santa
America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao Catarina, Brazil
(Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile),
Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo
(Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul
(Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).[225]

The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers.

It's basically used for transporting ores.[226] The Argentine rail network,
with 47,000 km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues
to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about
100,000  km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on
motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and
international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Stretch of the Pan-American
Uruguay. Chile has almost 7,000  km of railways, with connections to Highway in Argentina
Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has only about 3,500  km of
railways.[227]

Among the main Brazilian waterways, two stand out: Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná
(which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on
the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and
Minas Gerais) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections:
Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately
1600  km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with
General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge in
1650  km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is
Venezuela
done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that
is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil,
this transport is still underused: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in
the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works
and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. In Argentina, the
waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and
Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are Zárate and Campana. The port of
Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area
known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of
the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total
exports of the country.

Only two railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects Buenos
The Port of Callao in Lima
Aires, in Argentina to Valparaíso, in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad,
which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the
city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia. In addition, there is the Pan-
American Highway, which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries
from north to south, although some stretches are unfinished.[228]

Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum
network, which develops around the Platine region, largely belonging to
Argentina, with more than 45,000  km in length; And the Southeast Brazil
network, which mainly serves the state of São Paulo, state of Rio de Janeiro
and Minas Gerais. Brazil and Argentina also stand out in the road sector. In The La Paz cable car system in
addition to the modern roads that extend through northern Argentina and Bolivia is home to both the longest
south-east and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link Brasília, the and highest urban cable car network
federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of in the world.
Brazil.

South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the
Amazon basin, the Platine basin, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, Brazil having about 54,000  km
navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela, 1,200 km.

The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela,
Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires, Santos, Rio de Janeiro,
Bahía Blanca, Rosario, Valparaíso, Recife, Salvador, Montevideo, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and
Maracaibo.

In South America, commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic
density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos
International and Viracopos (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont (Rio de Janeiro), El
Dorado (Bogotá), Ezeiza (Buenos Aires), Tancredo Neves International Airport (Belo Horizonte), Curitiba
International Airport (Curitiba), Brasilia, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, Viru Viru International Airport (Santa Cruz de
la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.

The main public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities also have a diverse system of metro and subway
trains, the first of which was the Buenos Aires subte, opened 1913.[229] The Santiago subway[230] is the largest
network in South America, with 103 km, while the São Paulo subway is the largest in transportation, with more than
4.6 million passengers per day[231] and was voted the best in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro installed the first railroad
of the continent in 1854. Today the city has a vast and diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with
buses and subway. Recently it was also inaugurated in the city a Light Rail System called VLT, a small electrical
trams at low speed, while São Paulo inaugurated its monorail, the first of South America. In Brazil, an express bus
system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has also been developed. Mi Teleférico,
also known as Teleférico La Paz–El Alto (La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system
serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia.

See also
South America
portal
 Geography portal

Flags of South America

List of World Heritage Sites in South America
Outline of South America – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to South America
South American Games

Notes
a. Sometimes included. Depending on the definition of North America-South America boundary,
Panama could be classified as a transcontinental country.
b. Sometimes included. Physiographically a part of South America, but geopolitically a part of North
America.
c. Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island near the boundary between the African Plate and
the Antarctic Plate, Bouvet Island is biogeographically and geologically associated with Antarctica.
Despite being closer to Antarctica and Africa geographically, the United Nations geoscheme has
included Bouvet Island in South America instead.
d. Geologically, South Georgia Island and the southernmost portion of mainland South America are
both on the Scotia Plate while the South Sandwich Islands is on the nearby Sandwich Plate.
Biogeographically and hydrologically, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is associated
with Antarctica. The United Nations geoscheme has included the disputed territory in South
America.
e. Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island on the South American Plate, Ascension Island is
geologically a part of South America, but geopolitically a part of Africa.
f. In some parts of the world, for example, Latin America, Latin Europe, and Iran, South America is
viewed as a subcontinent of the Americas (a single continent named America).[7] In most of the
countries with English as an official language, however, it is considered a continent; see Americas
(terminology).
g. Except Bouvet Island, which has occasionally been included as a part of South America.
h. Both administered as British Overseas Territories under The Crown, claimed by Argentina.
i. An overseas department and region of France.
j. Land areas and population estimates are taken from The 2008 World Factbook which currently uses
July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.
k. La Paz is the administrative capital of Bolivia; Sucre is the constitutional and judicial capital of
Bolivia.
l. Bouvet Island is commonly associated with Antarctica (due to proximity), but the United Nations
geoscheme has included the territory in South America instead.[61]
m. Includes Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, a Chilean territory frequently reckoned in Oceania.
Santiago is the administrative capital of Chile; Valparaíso is the site of legislative meetings.
n. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean has no permanent
population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors.

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2FCBO9780511628306). ISBN 9780511628306. S2CID 150457372 (https://api.semanticscholar.or
g/CorpusID:150457372).

External links
South America (http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=South%20
America) web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
South America (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555844) at the Encyclopædia
Britannica
South America's Ancient Civilisations (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-li
brary-ancient-civilizations-south-america) at the National Geographic Society
South America (https://curlie.org/Regional/South_America) at Curlie
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online (http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/) Columbia
University Press
"South America"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_Ame
rica). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 485–489.

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