Lecture 3 Part1 - Electric Motors

AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION
ELECTRICAL AND
MECHANICAL
POWER
Cagayan State University

ABE 12 - AB Machinery and Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Richmond S. De Leon, RABE
Lecture 3 Outcome
Identify the various internal and external parts of the electric motor;
Operate and measure the performance of an electric motor;
Identify the main components of heat engines;
Compute problems involving testing and operation of these prime
movers
Overview
Part 1: Electrical Power Part 2: Mechanical Power
Electric motors Heat engines
AC & DC Motors Parts and definition
Motor ratings and selection Classification
Sample problem Specification of engines
Practical examples

PART 1:
ELECTRICAL
POWER

ELECTRICAL POWER
Electrical power is the mostly used for operating electrical motors in

the farms. This is a clean and efficient source of energy.
The maintenance and operation of motors needs less attention and

care. The operating cost remains almost constant throughout its life.
Electrical power is used for operating pump sets, high-tech nursery,

dairy industry, cold storage, farm product processing, fruit industry
and food processing industries.

ELECTRICAL POWER
ELECTRIC
MOTORS

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electro-mechanical device used to convert

electrical power to mechanical power
Electric motors more efficient compared
to its heat engine counterpart
Approximate Energy conversion efficiency of major prime movers
Gustafson and Morgan, 2004

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electric motors are commonly used as prime movers for stationary and
indoor equipment (processing of farm products and by-products)
Source: Alibaba
Source: Victor Farm Machinery

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electric motors are more efficient compared to combustion engines, which means they use
less energy to prime a machinery. Having said that, there are a lot of advantages to using
electric motors. Electric motors give zero emissions because they don't emit exhaust gas.
Advantages
compact in size
highly efficient
can work at a stretch continuously for longer periods
maintenance and operating cost is relatively low
does not produce exhaust fumes.
available in fractional horsepower sizes (1/4, ½ , ¾ hp) and integral hp sizes (1, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½, etc)
can be automated
low noise level
Disadvantages
initial capital investment high
requires good amount of technical knowledge and if handled carelessly, it causes great danger
suitable mostly for indoor and stationary operation

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Classification of Electric Motors
AC motor: operates using an alternating current

power source. In agriculture, these motors are
commonly used for operations such as water
pumping, ventilation, and conveying. AC motors
are generally simpler and more reliable than DC
motors, and they require less maintenance. They
are well-suited for applications where constant
speed is required.
DC motor: operates using a direct current power

source. DC motors are commonly used in
agriculture for applications where variable speed
control is required. DC motors are generally
more efficient at low speeds than AC motors.
Universal motor: operates using either direct

current or alternating current power source.
Refer to PAES 129:2002

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Classification of Electric Motors
Classification of electric motors based on electrical

service required:

1. Single-phase alternating current (< 5 hp)
2. Three-phase alternating current (> 5 hp)
3. Direct current (using battery storage)

ELECTRIC MOTORS
DC Motor
Three major components:

Stator, Rotor, and Commutator
https://www.linquip.com/blog/dc-motor-parts/

ELECTRIC MOTORS
AC Motor
Important Note: In AC
motors, the coil
winding (armature) is
stationary while the
magnetic field rotates.
In DC motors, the
armature rotates while
the magnetic field
remains stationary.
See how PAES 129:2002 uses
the word "armature" and look
at the whole context...
Two major components:

Stator and Rotor

ELECTRIC MOTORS
MOTOR RATINGS AND SELECTION
Motor rating and selection, as it relates to farm power, refers to the process of selecting an
appropriate electric motor that can effectively power farm machinery and equipment. The power
output of a motor is referred to by its motor rating, which is typically expressed in horsepower
(HP) or kilowatts (kW), whereas motor selection takes into account a number of variables,
including the application, load needs, ambient conditions, and available power sources.
Generally speaking, the power rating of a motor should be adequate to satisfy the particular
requirements of the application, without being over or underpowered. While choosing a motor,
factors including the load type, operating speed, and duty cycle should also be taken into
account.
It is crucial to pick a motor that is tough and made for the severe temperatures, wetness, and dust
that are frequently present in agricultural situations. In farm operations, selecting the right motor
can increase efficiency, save maintenance costs, and increase production.

1. Torque Requirement
Locked-Rotor Torque - motor torque at zero speed or the maximum

torque available to start the load
Pull-up Torque - lowest value of the torque produced by the motor
between zero and full load.
Full-load Torque - torque necessary to produce the motor's rated
power at rated speed
Breakdown Torque - maximum torque a motor can carry without an
abrupt drop in speed that make the motor stall or stop
Acceleration Torque - torque available for acceleration

2. Starting current
During starting of the motor, the magnitude of the current is expected to be 2-7x of
the full-load current
Determines the size and capacities of the electrical installations needed to operate
the motor (transformer capacity, wire size, breaker capacity, switch rating)
See the motor code designated by a LETTER on the motor nameplate
Example:
Calculate the minimum and maximum locked-rotor current (starting current) for a ½-hp, 240-volt
motor with an H motor code.
Answer: 13.4-14.8A
3. Temperature Rating
The temperature capability of each insulation class is defined as
being the maximum temperature at which the insulation classes can
be operated to yield an average life of 20,000hrs. Common rule of
thumb is that 10°C rise in temperature reduces the expected service
life of the motor to 50%
The temperature rise shall not exceed the limit for the insulation class
when the motor is loaded to its rating or its service factor load.
In the nameplate, data on temperature can be stated in temperature
rise(degrees C rise) or in Ambient temperature. Almost all motors are
designed for maximum ambient temp. rating
Normal max. ambient temperature for motor operation is 40°C

4. Duty Rating
This refers to how frequently the motor is started and for how long it will run each time it
is started. Motors are often classified as continuous duty or intermittent duty.
Continuous duty - type of service in which the motor is operated at or near full load
for more than 60 minutes at a time. This is the common situation for many motors.
Intermittent duty - the load is only for 10, 20, or 30 minutes at a time with a rest or
cooling period between operations.
5. Service Factor
Indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to
operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range

Motor Nameplate
Motor nameplate is normally located on all produced electric motors. Understanding
nameplate information can be hard sometimes, but is essential. In most countries it is a
requirement for manufacturers to display all information on the motor’s nameplate, but
often this is not the case.
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/19-essential-information-you-can-find-on-motor-nameplate

ENERGY CONVERSION
Electrical to mechanical power conversion
Electrical Mechanical
P= I*V (cos θ) P= 2πTN
where: where:
P= power (watts) P= power (watts)
I= current (ampere) T= torque(N-m)
V = voltage (volts) N = rotational speed(rev/sec)
cos θ = phase factor *2π is read as 2π/revolution

ELECTRIC MOTORS
Mechanical Power of Electric motors
Example:
A prony-brake test on a motor

recorded 20N of force on a
0.5m brake arm and rotational
speed of 1450rpm. What is the
power exerted by the motor?
P= 2πTN
where:
P= power (watts)
T= torque(N-m)
N = rotational speed(rev/sec)

ELECTRIC MOTORS
References:
1. https://amtec.ceat.uplb.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/129.pdf
2. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/19-essential-information-you-
can-find-on-motor-nameplate
3. https://www.linquip.com/blog/dc-motor-parts/
4. https://new.abb.com/news/detail/80778/how-to-read-a-nema-motor-
nameplate


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AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Electrical power is the mostly used for operating electrical motors in

The maintenance and operation of motors needs less attention and

Electrical power is used for operating pump sets, high-tech nursery,

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Electro-mechanical device used to convert

Approximate Energy conversion efficiency of major prime movers

Gustafson and Morgan, 2004

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

AC motor: operates using an alternating current

DC motor: operates using a direct current power

Universal motor: operates using either direct

Cagayan State University

Classification of electric motors based on electrical

1. Single-phase alternating current (< 5 hp)

2. Three-phase alternating current (> 5 hp)

3. Direct current (using battery storage)

Cagayan State University

Three major components:

Cagayan State University

Two major components:

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Locked-Rotor Torque - motor torque at zero speed or the maximum

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

A prony-brake test on a motor

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

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