EDUCATIONAL DATA REASONING

BBD 30402

By:

Faculty of Technical & Vocational Education,

University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Statistical test selection guideline:
Parametric Statistics Non-parametric Statistics
Purpose of Analysis
(compare Mean) (compare mean ranks or counts)
Difference between
Independent
2 independent Mann-Whitney U test; Chi square
Sample T-test
scores
Difference between Paired Sample T- Wilcoxon’s matched pair test;
2 dependent scores test McNemar (McNemar Chi-Square)
Difference > 2 Kruskal-Wallis analysis of ranks;
One-Way ANOVA
scores Chi square (Goodness of Fit test)
1. Ordinal-Ordinal:
- Spearman Rho/Kendall’s tau;
2. Nominal-Nominal:
Relationship 1. Intervel-interval:
between variables -Phi/Cramer’s V/ Chi square
- Pearson-r
(Test of Independents);
3. Nominal-Interval:
- Eta
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

What is a Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a tentative statement that explains a

particular phenomenon which is testable.

• Example:
H0 - Children who go for tuition tend to perform
better in Mathematics.
H0 - The discovery method of teaching may
enhance the creative thinking skills of students.
H0 - Children who attend kindergarten are more
likely to have higher reading scores.
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What is a Hypothesis
• COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Two or more measurable variables.
• An independent and dependent variable
• Relationship between 2 or more variables.
• A possible prediction
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Types of hypotheses
• COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Null Hypothesis (H0 or Hnull)
– You do not expect the groups to be
different.
– You do not expect the variables to be
related.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Halt)
– Opposite the H0
– Terms => Different, higher, lower.
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Types of hypotheses

EXAMPLE:

H1:
There is a significant difference in critical
thinking skills between male and female
undergraduates.
H0 :
There is no significant difference in critical
thinking skills between male and female
undergraduates.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

ACTIVITY

A researcher is attempting to determine the effectiveness of group

work on the acquisition of science concepts among high ability &
low ability secondary school students. A test (the acquisition of
science concepts) was given before the treatment while the same
test was given at the end of the treatment. Students were randomly
assigned to the two groups.

• Question 1. Give a title for the study.

Answer:
The effectiveness of group work on the acquisition
of science concepts among high ability & low ability
secondary school students
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ACTIVITY

• Question 2. What is the independent variable?

Answer:
Score of the test

• Question 3. What is the treatment? Elaborate on the

treatment.
Answer:
Group work on the acquisition of science concepts

• Question 4. What is the pretest and posttest?

Answer:
•Pretest = score of the test before giving the
treatment.
Posttest = score of the test after giving the
treatment.
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ACTIVITY

• COURSE LEARNING
• Question 5. State OUTCOMES
TWO research hypotheses for the above
study.
Answer:
•H0: There is no significant differences in the mean
scores in group work on the acquisition of science
concepts among high ability & low ability
secondary school students.
• H1: There is significant differences in the mean
scores in group work on the acquisition of science
concepts among high ability & low ability
secondary school students.
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Type I and Type II Error

• COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Hypotheses:
– Hypothesis testing => use sample data to
test a claim about a population, whether a
population proportion/population mean
equals to some values.
– Aim =>Make decision.
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Type I and Type II Error

• COURSE LEARNING
• Type 1 error => OUTCOMES
– Reject a H0 when it is TRUE
– When there is nothing happen but you said
there is something happen.

• Type 2 error =>

– Reject a H0 when it is FALSE
– When there is something happen but you said
there is nothing happen.
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ACTIVITY

“ A student goes to trial where he is being tried for the cheating

in examination.”
We can put it in a hypothesis testing framework. The hypotheses
being tested are:

• H0: The Student is Innocent (F)

• H1: The Student is Guilty (T)

• H0 : The Student is Guilty (F)

• H1 : The Student is Innocent (T)

Four Possible Situations

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Type I and Type II Error

• •COURSE LEARNING
Four Possible Situations inOUTCOMES
Testing a
Hypothesis
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Two-tailed and One-tailed Test
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Two-tailed and One-tailed Test

2 tailed
H1 : µ1 = µ2

1 tailed
H1 : µ1 < µ2
Left tailed test
H1 : µ1 > µ2
Right tailed test
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Two-tailed and One-tailed Test
One-tailed Test
In this statistical hypothesis test, all the critical region, related to α, is placed in any one of the two tails.
One-tailed test can be:
•Left-tailed test: When the population parameter is believed to be lower than the assumed one, the
hypothesis test carried out is the left-tailed test.
•Right-tailed test: When the population parameter is supposed to be greater than the assumed one, the
statistical test conducted is a right-tailed test.

Two-tailed Test
In this test, α is bifurcated into two equal parts, placing half on each side, i.e. it considers the possibility
of both positive and negative effects. It is performed to see, whether the estimated parameter is either
above or below the assumed parameter, so the extreme values, work as evidence against the null
hypothesis.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING