LORDS Wireless Communication System Communication 5ystem

LORDS Wireless
(e) Explain the term frequency hoping. response that can n0t De assumed to be a
shaveloyrsi 4. Frequency selective channels have a frequency
Ans. Frequency Hopping: In Frequency hoppirng, the signal is broadcast over a seemingh multipath that has signiticant delay
flat over the.bandwidth of signal. Frequency selectivity is due to a
random series of radio frequencies, hopping from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals. A receiver
ing hopping between frequencies in synchronization with the transmitter, picks up the message. Would spread relative to symbol period of the transmission. Multipath in
and Multipathand Fading :The wireless channel is a multipath propagation channel.
riarAt beeavdsdroppers hear only uninteligble blips. Attempts to jám the signalon orie frequency succe
andakurs fluctuation of amplitude, called small scale fading or simpy
only at knocking out a few bits of it. the radio ohannel causes rapid signal
a
inteherercse.at (0 What is significance of pilot channel in CDMA system? fading. Fading is faused by distructive interference of two or more versions of the transmited
Signa

Ans. Pilot Channel in CDMA system:A pilot channel is tranmitted at all times by the base ariving at the receiver at slightly difterent times (With different amplitudes and phases.
detends sjation on each active forward CDMA channel. The pilot channelis on unmodulated spread spectum Large vector add up with
te signal that is used for synchronization by a mobile station operating within t coverage area of the base small vectors
station. The mobile station monitors the pilot channel for every CDMA channel supported by the
base Destructive
station. The mobile station monitors the pilot channel at all times except when not receiving in Interference
the
pER, slotted mode.
DKG (g) What is the concept of cell splutting?
Ans. Refer to Chapter No. 2 Q.No. 12 on Page No. 32
(h) Explain briefly the term spaçe division multiple access technique.
Aular
system Ans. Space Division Multiple Access: SDMA is used for allocating a separated space to
users in wireless.networks. The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by cells
antennas which constitute the infrastructure implementing space division multiplexing
and sectorized
CSsystem.
used in isolation but always in combination with one or more other schemes. Single users
SDMA is never
are separated
-
in space by individual beams. This can improve
the overall capacity a cell.
of
System () Define GGSN and SGSN with respect to GPRS. Delayed signals are thé result of reflections/scatterings from terrain features tré
hills, or mountains or objects such as people, vehicles or building.. The received signal
may vary
Ans. GGSN: The GGSN provides the interface between the mobile and the external packetj
I teiswitched 'network. Packets are routed across the GPRS. IP based packet network between the widely in amplitude and phase over a short period of time or travel distance.
munication Systr
SGSN and GGSN using the GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP). Like At a receiver, radio waves generated ffom the same transmitted signal may come
the SGSN, the GGSN also stores
1oFUDmokarinformation about mobile devices that have established a session with O From difference directions.
the SGSN.
scaled to i'na ka
SGSN:The SGSN serves the mobile devices within its BSS/RAN, and provides authentication, With different propagation delays (random)
Z) chanes uscth and mobility management, Which are derived as much as possible from the GSM mobile application 'With different amplitude (random)
CS suportinpc Protocol MAP). The SGSN connects to GGSNs and also to other SaSNs via an IP network. When a With different paths (random).
innle
po mobile device is furnished with a session management context connection
a is éstablished between With different angles of arrival (random)
the SGSN and corresponding GGSN so that the mobile device may transfer These multipath components combine vectorially at the receiver antenna and cause the total
data to and from an signal to fade and distort
extenal network..
tednumoe dm G) Write some
features of TDMA. Effects of fadding/Multipath: Fading/Muiltipath results in rapid changes in signal strength
Dest sErviç tes Ans. Refer to Chapter No. 4 Q.No. 3 on Page No. 53 over small travel distances or short time interval: Random frequency modulation due to varying Dopp'er
shifts on different muftipath signals. Time dispersion (echoes) due to multipath propagation delays.
SECTIONB Mobility in context of fading
Q2Explain in detail the fading channel and their characteristics. When the receiver iobile other objects (reflectors and scatterers) may be mobile or
Ans. Fading Channeland their Characteristics: Chànnels can be classified in number of
a stationary.
ways based upon time or frequency response.
requies lf other objects are stationary motion is only due to mobile receiver. Fading is purely a
1. Timeflat channels are time invariant
that channl. Typical example is transmitter and receiver spatial phenomemenon (occurs only when the mobile receiver moves). The spatiai variations
both stationary with propagation environment changing.
as the mobile moves will be Perceived as temporal variations.
intay tni 2. Frequency flat channels have a frequency response
that is approximately flat over a bandwidth Factors influencing Small Scále Fading:
greater than or equal to bandwidth of transmitted
singal. Multipath Propagation: Presence of reflecting objects and scaters causes nukiple versions
3. Time selective channe! are time varying
channel. Typical example is a wireless terminal of the signal to arive at the réceiver with ditferent amplitudes and time delays. The total signalat
moving through environment and undergoing
raylight facting.
receiver to fude or distort

22 Wireless (6th Sem)

23 Wireless (6th Sem)

 LORDS Wireless Communication System
LORD Wreless
Speed of mobile: Q5.Write shorts
notes on following.
Causes Dopper shift at each multipath component. (a) Blue Tooth
a Causes random frequency modulation. Ans. Reler to Chapter No.
1 QNo.
Doppler shift will be positive or negative depending on whether 36 on Page No. 20
the mobile is moving toward (b) Cordless Telephone
System
away from the basic station.
Speed of Surrounding objects: Ans, Heter lo Chapter No. 1 Q.No.
6 on Page No. 5 detail, highe
Causes time-varying Doppler shift on the multipath components. protocol ALOHA In
offered
lf the surroundling objects move at a greater rate than the mobile, this
effects dominates the
Ane gainst
Ans. Hefer to Chapter No. 4 Q.No. 24 on Page No.
small scae fading.
SECTIONC
fthe suTOunding objects moveata much slower rate
than the mobile their effect canbe ignored.
specturm of 30 MHz is allocated to wireless
Dce
The term coherence time determines how static the channel is (and depends on the Doppler A
Shift). ZNHZ Simplex channel to provide full duplex volce and
perco
The transmišsion bandwidth of the
signal: Ompute the number of channels avallable
The transmitted radio signal bandwidth and bandwidth of the multipath 1.4 cell reuse ratio
channel decide
) To what extent does the amplitude fluctuate 2.7 cell reuse ratio
3.12cell ratio Detenmino
1nels.
i) To what extent does the signal distort. conm
lf1 MHz of the allocated spectum dedicated to each of
The channel bandwidth can be quantfied by the term called is each o
coherence bandwidth.
The coherence bandwidth difference for whichthe signal are still strongly corelated in distribution of control channels and voice channels in
ampltude. Ans. 30 MHz for FDD
Terminology:
VC & CC
Level Crossing Rate : Average number of times per
second that the signal envelop crosses 25KHz simplex channel provideif full duplex atio
system uses 4 cell reuse ia
the level in positive going direction. *l. Number of channels per cell the
Fading Rate: Number of times signal envelope crosses middle value in 30 MHZ
per unit time.
positive going direction
25KHzx2* 4
=150channels
Depth of Fading: Ratio of mean square value and minimum value of fading signal. reuse ratio
C. Number of channels per cell
if
the system uses 7 cell
Fading Duration: Time for which signal is below given threshold.
03. What is CDMA digital cellular standard (IS-95)? Write down its frequency 30MHz =85 channels
specification.
and channel
25KHzx27.85
Ans. Refer to Chapter No. 5 Q.No. 43 on Page No. 87 3. Numberof channels per cell if the system uses 12 cell reuse ratio.
Q4. Differentiate between maximal ratio combining
to space diversity consideration.
and equal gain combining with respect 30 MHz 1
50 channels
Ans. Space Diversity: A method of transmission or reception, or both, in which the effects of
25KHzx2 12
MHzspecturm for control channels implies that there are 1000/50 =20 comtr
fading are minimized by the simultaneous use of two or more physically separated antennas, idealy A1
of the 660 channels available. To evenily distribute the control and voice ciannels, sim:
separated by one half or more wave length.
Same number of voice channels in each cell wherever possible. Here the 660 cha
Maximal Ratio Combining Equal Gain Combining evenly distributed to each cell within thie cluster.
1 Combining all the signals in a co-phased 1. Combining all the signals in a co-phased
and weighted manner so as to have the manner with unity weights for all signal
In practice only the 640 voice channels would be allocated, sincé the contr=
allocated separately as 1 per cell.
heighest achievable SNR at the receiver at levels to as to have the helghest achievable
(a) For N = 4, we can have 5 control channels and 145-voic channels per c
all times. SNR at the receiver at all times. however each cell only needs a single
2. The control algorithm for seting the gains 2. The probability of producing an acceptable control channel (the control channels have=
distance than voice channels). Thus 1,control
and phases for maximal ratio combining are signal frorn a number of unacceptable inputs channel and 145 voice channels woud
each cell.
similar to those required for equalizers. is still retained. (b) Total number of voice
3. This technique gives the best statistical 3. The performance is marginally inferior to channels for N=7 (600-20)7
to each cel approximately,
4 cell with 3 contról 82 voice channels are
reduction of fading of any known linear maximal ratio combining and superior to control channels are to channels and 82 voice channels,a
diversity combiner. selection diversity. be assigned along with 83
(c) ForN 12, We can voice channels.
have eight cells with two
control channels and 48
VO
24 Wireless (6th Sem)

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