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  • 04 SPS SAINS TG2-Nota Grafik B4

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    1. Infectious diseases can spread through various means such as water, air, contact, and vectors like rats, flies and mosquitoes. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. 2. Non-infectious diseases include cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. Hypertension can be caused by life stress, mental stress, and genetic factors. 3. Specific diseases are then described in more detail, outlining how pathogens infect the body and multiply, such as how cholera bacteria contaminate food/water and cause diarrhea, or how mosquitoes transmit malaria protozoa in the bloodstream.

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    1. Infectious diseases can spread through various means such as water, air, contact, and vectors like rats, flies and mosquitoes. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. 2. Non-infectious diseases include cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. Hypertension can be caused by life stress, mental stress, and genetic factors. 3. Specific diseases are then described in more detail, outlining how pathogens infect the body and multiply, such as how cholera bacteria contaminate food/water and cause diarrhea, or how mosquitoes transmit malaria protozoa in the bloodstream.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views6 pages

    04 SPS SAINS TG2-Nota Grafik B4

    Uploaded by

    AZAMOLLY
    1. Infectious diseases can spread through various means such as water, air, contact, and vectors like rats, flies and mosquitoes. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. 2. Non-infectious diseases include cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. Hypertension can be caused by life stress, mental stress, and genetic factors. 3. Specific diseases are then described in more detail, outlining how pathogens infect the body and multiply, such as how cholera bacteria contaminate food/water and cause diarrhea, or how mosquitoes transmit malaria protozoa in the bloodstream.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    NotaGRAFIK

    BAB Kesihatan Manusia


    4 Human Health

    Penyakit
    Diseases

    Penyakit berjangkit Penyakit tidak berjangkit


    Infectious diseases Non-infectious diseases

    r .FMBMVJBJS TFQFSUJLPMFSB r ,BOTFS


    Through water, such as cholera Cancer
    r .FMBMVJVEBSB TFQFSUJ5# )/ 4"34EBO r )JQFSUFOTJ
    TFMFTFNB Hypertension
    Through the air, such as TB, H1N1, SARS r %JBCFUFT
    and flu  Diabetes
    r .FMBMVJTFOUVIBO TFQFSUJLVSBQEBOQBOBV r 1FOZBLJULBSEJPWBTLVMBS
    Through contact, such as ringworm and tinea Cardiovascular diseases
    r .FMBMVJWFLUPS TFQFSUJLFODJOHUJLVT EFNBN
    EFOHHJ NBMBSJBEBO;JLB
    Through vectors, such as leptospirosis,
    dengue, malaria and Zika fevers

    r $POUPIDPOUPIWFLUPSZBOHNFNCBXBBUBVNFNJOEBILBOQBUPHFOLFEBMBNCBEBONBOVTJB
    Examples of vectors that carry or transfer pathogens into the human body.

    Tikus
    Rat

    Lalat
    Fly
    Nyamuk
    Mosquito

    r 1BUPHFOUFSEJSJEBSJQBEBCBLUFSJB WJSVT LVMBUBUBVQSPUP[PB


    Pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa.
    NotaGRAFIK

    Kolera
    Cholera

    #BLUFSJBQFOZFCBCLPMFSB
    Bagaimanakah kolera The bacteria that cause
    disebarkan? cholera
    How is cholera spread? (Vibrio cholerae)

    r 4FTFPSBOHNFNJOVN
    BUBVNFNBLBONBLBOBO
    ZBOHUFSDFNBSPMFI
    CBLUFSJBLPMFSB
    A person drinks or eats
    food that is
    contaminated with the
    cholera bacteria.
    r 4FNBTBXBCBLQFOZBLJU 
    UJOKBQFTBLJUNFSVQBLBO
    TVNCFSQFODFNBSBO
    During an epidemic,
    patients’ faeces are
    sources of
    contamination.

    Di dalam usus besar


    In the large intestine

    r #BLUFSJBNFNCJBLEFOHBODFQBU Perut
    The bacteria reproduce rapidly. Stomach
    r 5PLTJOEBSJQBEBCBLUFSJB
    NFOFNCVTJTFMTFMQBEBEJOEJOH
    VTVT
    The toxin of the bacteria
    penetrates the cells on the wall of Usus
    the intestine. Usus kecil
    r 5PLTJONFOHIBMBOHVTVT besar Small
    EBSJQBEBNFOZFSBQBJSEBSJQBEB Large intestine
    NBLBOBOUFSDFSOBEBO intestine
    NFOHBLJCBULBODJSJUCJSJUEBO
    EFIJESBTJ
    The toxin prevents the intestine
    from absorbing water from the
    digested food and causing
    diarrhoea and dehydration.
    NotaGRAFIK

    Jangkitan penyakit TB, H1N1, SARS dan Selesema


    Infection of TB, H1N1, SARS and Flu

    2 Patogen disedut masuk ke


    1 Patogen (bakteria atau virus) di dalam salur pernafasan.
    udara. The pathogen is inhaled into
    Pathogen (bacteria or viruses) the respiratory tract.
    in the air.

    3 Patogen menyerang organ


    pernafasan seperti peparu. Patogen
    mula menggandakan bilangannya
    melalui pembiakan. Akibatnya, organ
    pernafasan menjadi bengkak dan
    mengalami keradangan.
    The pathogen attacks the respiratory
    organs such as the lungs. The
    pathogen starts multiplying in
    number through reproduction. As a
    result, the respiratory organs become
    swollen and experience
    inflammation.

    4 Di dalam organ pernafasan,


    patogen memasuki aliran
    darah.
    In the respiratory organs,
    the pathogen enters the
    bloodstream.
    NotaGRAFIK

    Jangkitan Kurap dan Panau


    Infection of Ringworm and Tinea

    Panau Kulat panau


    Tinea Tinea fungus

    Kurap Kulat kurap


    Ringworm Ringworm
    Ring
    nnggworm
    g fun
    fungus

    Kulat hidup pada tisu badan yang mati


    seperti rambut, kuku dan epidermis kulit.
    The fungus lives on dead body tissues
    such as hair, nails and the epidermis of
    the skin.

    Jangkitan Kencing Tikus


    Infection of Leptospirosis

    Air tercemar atau


    kencing tikus terkena
    mata Tikus yang
    Contaminated water dijangkiti
    or urine of the rat in Infected rat
    contact with the eyes

    Tertelan air atau


    makanan tercemar
    Swallowed Kencing/najis
    contaminated water tikus Bakteria kencing
    or food Urine/faeces of tikus
    the rat Leptospirosis bacteria

    Luka terdedah kepada


    air atau tanah tercemar
    Wound that is exposed
    to contaminated water
    or soil Air/Makanan/
    Tanah tercemar
    Contaminated
    water/food/soil
    NotaGRAFIK

    Jangkitan Demam Denggi, Zika dan Malaria


    Infection of Dengue, Zika and Malaria Fevers

    Nyamuk Aedes
    Aedes mosquito

    Nyamuk Anopheles
    Anopheles mosquito Protozoa malaria
    Malaria protozoa
    Virus Zika
    Virus denggi Zika virus
    Dengue virus

    Penyakit Tidak Berjangkit


    Non-Infectious Diseases

    Hipertensi/Hypertension
    Boleh disebabkan oleh tekanan hidup, tekanan mental dan
    berkemungkinan besar faktor genetik.
    Can be caused by life pressure, mental pressure and possibly genetic
    factors.

    Salur darah (arteri)


    Penyukatan hipertensi Blood ca
    capillary
    apillary (artery)
    Hypertension measurement Kolesterol
    Kolestero
    o
    Cholesterol
    Cholestero
    o

    Penyakit kardiovaskular/Cardiovascular diseases


    Penyakit yang berkaitan dengan jantung dan salur darah (arteri).
    Umumnya, penyakit ini dikenal sebagai penyakit jantung dan strok.
    Diseases that are related to the heart and blood vessels (arteries).
    Generally, the diseases are known as heart diseases and stroke. Normal Tersumbat
    Normal Clogged
    Penyebab penyakit kardiovaskular
    Reason of cardiovascular diseases

    Diabetes/Diabetes
    Diabetes berlaku akibat kekurangan atau hilangnya keberkesanan hormon
    Penyukatan diabetes dan komplikasi pada insulin yang dihasilkan oleh pankreas untuk mengawal aras gula dalam
    kaki pesakit diabetes darah.
    Measurement of diabetes and complications Diabetes occurs because of a lack or loss of the effectiveness of the
    from patients’s foot of diabetes insulin hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar levels.
    NotaGRAFIK

    Pemvaksinan sebagai Keimunan Aktif Buatan


    Vaccination as Artificial Active Immunity

    1 Vaksin/Vaccine
    V
    Mengandungi patogen mati atau dilemahkan (antigen)
    Contains dead or weakened pathogen (antigen)

    2 Pemvaksinan/Vaccination
    r 1SPTFTTVOUJLBOWBLTJO
    The process of injection of a vaccine
    r 4BUVUJOEBLBOJNVOJTBTJ
    An action of immunisation

    3 Keimunan/Immunity
    r 1BUPHFONBTVLLFEBMBNBMJSBOEBSBI
    The pathogen enters the bloodstream
    r 4FMTFMCBEBOEJSBOHTBOHVOUVLNFOHIBTJMLBOBOUJCPEJBUBVBOUJUPLTJOCBHJNFMBXBOBOUJHFOEBMBNWBLTJO
    The body cells are stimulated to produce antibodies or antitoxins to fight the antigen in the vaccine
    r ,FJNVOBOEJQFSPMFI
    Immunity is attained

    Antiserum sebagai Keimunan Pasif Buatan


    Antiserum as Artificial Passive Immunity

    1
    Memasuki badan dan menyerang
    sistem keimunan
    Patogen X Enters the body and attacks the
    Pathogen X immune system

    3 Antiserum diekstrak
    daripada darah kuda dan
    disuntik ke dalam badan
    2 Disuntik ke dalam badan kuda
    Is injected into the horse’s body
    pesakit
    An antiserum is extracted
    from the horse’s blood
    and injected into the
    patient’s body

    Badan kuda menghasilkan antibodi untuk melawan


    patogen X
    The horse’s body produces antibodies to fight pathogen X

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