MS1104 2

1
MS1104 – ADVANCED JAVA PROGRAMMING -

THEORY AND PRACTICAL
CHAPTER 2
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH
JAVA
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Java Methods
 A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

 You can pass data, known as parameters, into a method.
 Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known as functions.
public class MyClass {

static void myMethod() {
// code to be executed
}
}
Example Explained
myMethod() is the name of the method
static means that the method belongs to the MyClass class and not an object of the
MyClass class. You will learn more about objects and how to access methods through
objects later in this tutorial.
void means that this method does not have a return value.
© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021
Call a Method
To call a method in Java, write the method's name followed by two parentheses () and
a semicolon;
In the following example, myMethod() is used to print a text (the action), when it is
called:

System.out.println("I just got executed!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
myMethod();
}
}
// Outputs "I just got executed!"
static void myMethod(String fname) {
System.out.println(fname + " Refsnes");
}
myMethod("Liam");
myMethod("Jenny");
myMethod("Anja");
}
}
// Liam Refsnes
// Jenny Refsnes
// Anja Refsnes
Java Classes and Objects
 Java is an object-oriented programming language.
 Everything in Java is associated with classes and objects, along with its
attributes and methods. For example: in real life, a car is an object. The
car has attributes, such as weight and color, and methods, such as drive
and brake.
 A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating
objects.

Create a Class
To create a class, use the keyword class:
MyClass.java
Create a class called "MyClass" with a variable x:

int x = 5;
}

Create an Object
In Java, an object is created from a class. We have already created the
class named MyClass, so now we can use this to create objects.
To create an object of MyClass, specify the class name, followed by the

object name, and use the keyword new:
Example
Create an object called "myObj" and print the value of x:

int x = 5;

MyClass myObj = new MyClass();
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
}

Multiple Objects
You can create multiple objects of one class:
int x = 5;

MyClass myObj1 = new MyClass(); // Object 1
MyClass myObj2 = new MyClass(); // Object 2
System.out.println(myObj1.x);
System.out.println(myObj2.x);
}
}

Create an object called "myObj" and print the value of x:
int x = 5;

MyClass myObj = new MyClass();
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
}

Java Class Methods
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}

myMethod();
}
}

Java Constructors
Constructor in Java is a special method that is used to initialize objects. The constructor is called
when an object of a class is created. It can be used to set initial values for object attributes:
/ Create a MyClass class
int x; // Create a class attribute
// Create a class constructor for the MyClass class
public MyClass() {
x = 5; // Set the initial value for the class attribute x
}
MyClass myObj = new MyClass(); // Create an object of class MyClass (This will call the
constructor)
System.out.println(myObj.x); // Print the value of x
}
}
// Outputs 5
➢ The purpose of constructor is to initialize the object of a class while the purpose of a method is
to perform a task by executing java code.
➢ Constructors cannot be abstract, final, static and synchronized while methods can be.
➢ Constructors do not have return types while methods do.
➢ In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an instance of
the class is created.
➢ At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.
➢ It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
➢ Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least one constructor is called.

Rules for creating Java constructor
➢ There are two rules defined for the constructor.
➢ Constructor name must be the same as its class name
➢ A Constructor must have no explicit return type
➢ A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

Types of Java constructors
 There are two types of constructors in Java:
 Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
 Parameterized constructor
Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a

default constructor.

Java Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to
perform an operation.
 A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
 You can pass data, known as parameters, into a method.
 Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known
as functions.
 Why use methods? To reuse code: define the code once, and use it many
times.

Method Overloading in Java
 If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

 If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the
methods increases the readability of the program.

Method Overloading is a feature that allows a class to have more than one
method having the same name, if their argument lists are different.

Three ways to overload a method
1. Number of parameters.
add(int, int)
add(int, int, int)
2. Data type of parameters.
add(int, int)
add(int, float)
3. Sequence/Order of Data type of parameters.
add(int, float)
add(float, int)
Java Modifiers
By now, you are quite familiar with the public keyword that appears in
almost all of our examples:
public class MyClass
The public keyword is an access modifier, meaning that it is used to set the
access level for classes, attributes, methods and constructors.
We divide modifiers into two groups:
Access Modifiers - controls the access level
Non-Access Modifiers - do not control access level, but provides other
functionality.
First Java Program
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Java");
}
}
Output:
Hello Java

 Parameters used in First Java Program
 Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[], System.out.println().
 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility. It means it is visible to all.
 static is a keyword. If we declare any method as static, it is known as the static method. The
core advantage of the static method is that there is no need to create an object to invoke the
static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create an
object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.

 void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any
value.
 main represents the starting point of the program.
 String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
 System.out.println() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class,
out is the object of PrintStream class, println() is the method of
PrintStream class. We will learn about the internal working of
System.out.println statement later.

Simple Addition
public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10;
int y=25;
int z=x+y;
System.out.println("Sum of x+y = " + z);
}
}
Access Modifiers
Modifier Description
public The class is accessible by any other class

default The class is only accessible by classes in the same package. This is used when
you don't specify a modifier.
public The code is accessible for all classes
private The code is only accessible within the declared class
default The code is only accessible in the same package. This is used when you don't
specify a modifier.
protected The code is accessible in the same package and subclasses.

Non-Access Modifiers
For classes, you can use either final or abstract:
final The class cannot be inherited by other classes (You will learn more about inheritance in
the Inheritance chapter)
abstract The class cannot be used to create objects (To access an abstract class, it must be inherited
from another class. You will learn more about inheritance in the Inheritance chapter)

For attributes and methods, you can use the one of the following:
final Attributes and methods cannot be overridden/modified
static Attributes and methods belongs to the class, rather than an object
abstract Can only be used in an abstract class, and can only be used on methods. The method does
not have a body, for example abstract void run();
transient Attributes and methods are skipped when serializing the object containing them
synchronized Methods can only be accessed by one thread at a time

volatile The value of an attribute is not cached thread-locally, and is always read from the "main
memory"

Java Encapsulation
The meaning of Encapsulation, is to make sure that "sensitive" data is
hidden from users. To achieve this, you must:
declare class variables/attributes as private (only accessible within the

same class)
provide public setter and getter methods to access and update the value of
a private variable

Java Inheritance
In Java, it is possible to inherit attributes and methods from one class to
another. We group the "inheritance concept" into two categories:
subclass (child) - the class that inherits from another class

superclass (parent) - the class being inherited from
To inherit from a class, use the extends keyword.
In the example below, the Car class (subclass) inherits the attributes and
methods from the Vehicle class (superclass):
class Vehicle {
protected String brand = "Ford"; // Vehicle attribute
public void honk() { // Vehicle method
System.out.println("Tuut, tuut!");
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
private String modelName = "Mustang"; // Car attribute
// Create a myCar object
Car myCar = new Car();
// Call the honk() method (from the Vehicle class) on the myCar object
myCar.honk();
// Display the value of the brand attribute (from the Vehicle class) and the value of the modelName from the Car class
System.out.println(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);
} © ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021
}
Java Polymorphism
Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs when we have many classes that are related to each other
by inheritance.
Like we specified in the previous chapter; Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another
class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks. This allows us to perform a single action
in different ways.
For example, think of a superclass called Animal that has a method called animalSound(). Subclasses of
Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds - And they also have their own implementation of an animal sound
(the pig oinks, and the cat meows, etc.):

class Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The animal makes a sound");
}
}
class Pig extends Animal {
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
System.out.println("The dog says: bow wow");
}
}
Java User Input
The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the java.util
package.
To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the
available methods found in the Scanner class documentation. In our
example, we will use the nextLine() method, which is used to read Strings:

import java.util.Scanner; // Import the Scanner class
class MyClass {
Scanner myObj = new Scanner(System.in); // Create a Scanner object
System.out.println("Enter username");
String userName = myObj.nextLine(); // Read user input

System.out.println("Username is: " + userName); // Output user input
}
}
Inheritance
The process by which one class acquires the properties(data members) and
functionalities(methods) of another class is called inheritance. The aim of inheritance
is to provide the reusability of code so that a class has to write only the unique features
and rest of the common properties and functionalities can be extended from the
another class.
Child Class:
The class that extends the features of another class is known as child class, sub class
or derived class.
Parent Class:
The class whose properties and functionalities are used(inherited) by another class is
known as parent class, super class or Base class.

class Teacher {
String designation = "Teacher";
String collegeName = "Beginnersbook";
void does(){
System.out.println("Teaching");
}
}
public class PhysicsTeacher extends Teacher{

String mainSubject = "Physics";
PhysicsTeacher obj = new PhysicsTeacher();
System.out.println(obj.collegeName);
System.out.println(obj.designation);
System.out.println(obj.mainSubject);
obj.does();
}
}
An abstract class can have both abstract and regular methods:
abstract class Animal {
public abstract void animalSound();
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");
}
}
From the example above, it is not possible to create an object of the
Animal class:
Animal myObj = new Animal(); // will generate an error
To access the abstract class, it must be inherited from another class. Let's
convert the Animal class we used in the Polymorphism

Example
// Abstract class
abstract class Animal {
// Abstract method (does not have a body)
public abstract void animalSound();
// Regular method
}
}
// Subclass (inherit from Animal)

class Pig extends Animal {
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
}
}
Java Interface
Another way to achieve abstraction in Java, is with interfaces.
An interface is a completely "abstract class" that is used to group related

methods w
Example
// interface
interface Animal {
public void animalSound(); // interface method (does not have a body)
public void run(); // interface method (does not have a body)
}ith empty bodies:
Java Interface
An interface is an abstract "class" that is used to group related methods
with "empty" bodies:
// interface
interface Animal {
public void run(); // interface method (does not have a body)
}
To access the interface methods, the interface must be "implemented"

(kinda like inherited) by another class with the implements keyword
(instead of extends). The body of the interface method is provided by the
"implement" class:
To access the interface methods, the interface must be "implemented"
(kinda like inherited) by another class with the implements keyword
(instead of extends). The body of the interface method is provided by the
"implement" class:

Example
// Interface
interface Animal {
public void sleep(); // interface method (does not have a body)
}
// Pig "implements" the Animal interface

class Pig implements Animal {
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
}
// The body of sleep() is provided here
}
}
class MyMainClass {
Pig myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
myPig.animalSound();
myPig.sleep();
} © ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021
}
Notes on Interfaces:
Like abstract classes, interfaces cannot be used to create objects (in the example above, it is not
possible to create an "Animal" object in the MyMainClass)
Interface methods does not have a body - the body is provided by the "implement" class
On implementation of an interface, you must override all of its methods
Interface methods are by default abstract and public
Interface attributes are by default public, static and final
An interface cannot contain a constructor (as it cannot be used to create objects)
Why And When To Use Interfaces?
1) To achieve security - hide certain details and only show the important details of an object
(interface).
2) Java does not support "multiple inheritance" (a class can only inherit from one superclass).
However, it can be achieved with interfaces, because the class can implement multiple interfaces.
Note: To implement multiple interfaces, separate them with a comma (see example below).

Multiple Interfaces
To implement multiple interfaces, separate them with a comma:

Example
interface FirstInterface {
public void myMethod(); // interface method
}
interface SecondInterface {
public void myOtherMethod(); // interface method
}
// DemoClass "implements" FirstInterface and SecondInterface

class DemoClass implements FirstInterface, SecondInterface {
public void myMethod() {
System.out.println("Some text..");
}
public void myOtherMethod() {
System.out.println("Some other text...");
}
}
class MyMainClass {
DemoClass myObj = new DemoClass();
myObj.myMethod();
myObj.myOtherMethod();
}
© ISBAT
} UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021
Final Keyword
The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final
keyword can be used in many context. Final can be:
 variable
 method
 class
When to use a final variable :

 The only difference between a normal variable and a final variable is
that we can re-assign value to a normal variable but we cannot change
the value of a final variable once assigned. Hence final variables must
be used only for the values that we want to remain constant throughout
the execution of program.
Final variable
 If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value
of final variable(It will be constant).

Example of final variable
 There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change
the value of this variable, but It can't be changed because final
variable once assigned a value can never be changed.

class Bike9{
final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
void run(){
speedlimit=400;
}
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
obj.run();
}
}
Compile by: javac Bike9.java
 236.3/Bike9.java:4: error: cannot assign a value to final variable speedlimit
speedlimit=400;
1 error

Java final method
 If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
class Bike{
final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Honda extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
Honda honda= new Honda();
Compile by: javac Honda.java
honda.run(); 236.3/Honda.java:6: error: run() in Honda cannot override run()
} in Bike
ly with 100kmph");}
}
^
overridden method is final
1 error

Java final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.
final class Bike{}
class Honda1 extends Bike{

void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}

Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
honda.run();
}
}
O/P
cannot inherit from final Bike
Is final method inherited?
 Ans) Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it.
For Example:
class Bike{
final void run(){System.out.println("running...");}
}
class Honda2 extends Bike{
new Honda2().run();
}
}
Thank You

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1

MS1104 – ADVANCED JAVA PROGRAMMING -

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

public class MyClass {

public class MyClass {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public class MyClass {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

To create an object of MyClass, specify the class name, followed by the

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public static void main(String[] args) {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public static void main(String[] args) {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public static void main(String[] args) {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public static void main(String[] args) {

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

➢ Constructor name must be the same as its class name

➢ A Constructor must have no explicit return type

➢ A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

 Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

Rule: If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

 You can pass data, known as parameters, into a method.

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

methods increases the readability of the program.

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public The class is accessible by any other class

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

synchronized Methods can only be accessed by one thread at a time

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

declare class variables/attributes as private (only accessible within the

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

subclass (child) - the class that inherits from another class

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

String userName = myObj.nextLine(); // Read user input

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

public class PhysicsTeacher extends Teacher{

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

// Subclass (inherit from Animal)

An interface is a completely "abstract class" that is used to group related

To access the interface methods, the interface must be "implemented"

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

// Pig "implements" the Animal interface

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

// DemoClass "implements" FirstInterface and SecondInterface

When to use a final variable :

of final variable(It will be constant).

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

© ISBAT UNIVERSITY – 2019. 11/20/2021

class Honda1 extends Bike{