Internship Week-5

AADITYA

19070125001

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Faculty Mentor
Week Week
Weekly progress (to be entered by student) remarks and
No. Dates
suggestions

Week 13/02/23

5 Mon

& ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

14/02/23

Tue

15/02/23

Wed Hydraulic Lift & Its Components ‘

&

16/02/23
Thu
 17/02/23

Fri

&
Hydraulic Lift Problems
18/02/23

Sat

19/02/23
HOLIDAY
Sun

SUMMARY OF THE WEEK

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

Definition
• Root cause analysis (RCA) is a class of problem-solving methods aimed at identifying the root causes of
problems or events.
• RCA is based on the belief that problems are best solved by attempting to correct or eliminate root causes, as
opposed to merely addressing the immediately obvious symptoms.

Principles of RCA
 • Aiming corrective actions at root causes is more effective than just treating the symptoms of a problem.
• To be effective, RCA must be performed systematically, and conclusions must be backed up by evidence.
• There is usually more than one root cause for any given problem and therefore there may be more than one
corrective action.

General process for performing root cause analysis.

1. Define the problem.
2. Gather data/evidence.
3. Identify issues that contributed to the problem.
4. Find root causes. Identify which causes to remove or change to prevent repeated problem.
5. Develop solution recommendations that effectively prevent repeating the problem.
6. Implement the recommendations / changes.
7. Observe the recommended solutions/changes to ensure effectiveness of eliminating the problem.

Tools for RCA

 Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram
 Pareto charts
 5 Why
 Brainstorming
 Failure mode, effect & criticality analysis
 Fault tree analysis
 Etc.

Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram

The fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram is a cause-and-effect diagram that helps managers to track down the
reasons for imperfections, variations, defects, or failures.

The diagram looks just like a fish’s skeleton with the problem at its head and the causes for the problem feeding
into the spine. Once all the causes that underlie the problem have been identified, managers can start looking for
solutions to ensure that the problem doesn’t become a recurring one.
 FISHBONE DIAGRAM PROCEDURE

1. Agree on a problem statement (effect). Write it at the centre right of the flipchart or whiteboard. Draw a box
around it and draw a horizontal arrow running to it.
2. Brainstorm the major categories of causes of the problem. If this is difficult use generic headings:
 Methods
 Machines (equipment)
 People (manpower)
 Materials
 Measurement
 Environment
3. Write the categories of causes as branches from the main arrow.
4. Brainstorm all the possible causes of the problem. Ask "Why does this happen?" As each idea is given, the
facilitator writes it as a branch from the appropriate category. Causes can be written in several places if they
relate to several categories.
5. Again ask "Why does this happen?" about each cause. Write sub-causes branching off the causes. Continue to
ask "Why?" and generate deeper levels of causes. Layers of branches indicate causal relationships.
6. When the group runs out of ideas, focus attention to places on the chart where ideas are few.

5 WHY
Five whys (5 whys) are a problem-solving method that explores the underlying cause-and-effect of particular
problems.
The primary goal is to determine the root cause of a defect or a problem by successively asking the question
“Why?”. The number ‘5’ here comes from the anecdotal observation that five iterations of asking why is usually
sufficient to reveal the root cause.

The Benefits of Five Whys

• Helps identify the root cause of a problem
• Understand how one process can cause a chain of problems
• Determine the relationship between different root causes
• Highly effective without complicated evaluation techniques

How to Complete a Five Whys Root Cause Analysis

1. Begin with a specific problem. What is it that you are having an issue with? This can also help the team
focus on the same problem.
2. Ask why the problem happened and write the answer down below the specific problem you listed in step
one.
 HYDRAULIC LIFT

Hydraulic System of a Tractor is provided to enable the tractor to raise or lower heavy implements as per
requirements and to control implement depth during field operations with minimum efforts.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

The basic components are:
(i) Hydraulic pump
(ii) Hydraulic cylinder and piston
(iii) Hydraulic tank
(iv) Control valve
(v) Safety valve
(vi) Hose pipe and fittings and
(vii) Lifting arms

Operation: 
The hydraulic pump draws up oil from the oil reservoir and sends it to the control valve under high pressure. From
the control valve, the oil goes to the hydraulic cylinder to operate the piston, which in turn, raises the lifting arms.
The lifting arms are attached with implements. The hydraulic pump is operated by suitable gears, connected with
engine.
There are two types of arrangements for storing hydraulic oil in the system:
(i) There is a common oil reservoir for hydraulic system and the transmission system in some tractors,
(ii) There is a special tank for hydraulic oil. It is separate from the transmission chamber.

Hydraulic pump:
There are several types of hydraulic pump, such as gear pump, plunger pump, vane pump, and screw pump. Gear
pump is widely used in tractors. Gear pump can flow a bigger amount of oil, compared to plunger pump. The oil
pressure in the pump varies from 150 to 200 kg/cm2.Schema

Hydraulic cylinder: 
It is a bigger size cylinder, fitted with a piston and a connecting rod. It is also called ram cylinder. The connecting
rod transmits power from the piston to the lifting arms. Piston moves in the hydraulic cylinder and causes
reciprocating motion in the cylinder. The lifting arms are raised by the hydraulic pressure while raising the
implement, but it is lowered by its own weight.
Hydraulic tank:
 Hydraulic tank is used for storing hydraulic oil for the system. In some tractors, transmission chamber itself works
as a hydraulic tank and same oil is used for transmission system as well as hydraulic system. In some tractors,
separate tank is there for hydraulic oil.

Control valve: 
Control valve is a type of valve, which controls the movement of hydraulic oil to have desired direction, magnitude
and speed of lifting. Thus, the control valve is to perform three functions:
(1) To change the direction of lifting
(2) To change the power of lifting and
(3) To change the speed of lifting.
Oil filter: 
It is small filter, located at a convenient position in the passage of the oil.

Control options

Position Control:
When the operator moves the lever, the movement is transferred to control valve and the valve sends the oil to the
cylinder to rise the lift arms.

Draft Control:
Hydraulic lift automatically keeps tractor effort constant level by adjusting implement working depth.

Mix Control:
This control type ensures more constant working depth and less tractor effort.

Auto lift Option:

Auto lift system raises and lowers the implement without any change on the control lever position.