Data Description

1
1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

vMeasure of averages is called

measures of central tendency.
vIt includes;
§ Mean
§ Median
§ Mode
§ Midrange.

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 1. MEAN

4
 1. MEAN
FORMULAS
v Sample Mean:

§ where n represents the total number of

values in the sample.
vPopulation Mean

§ where N represents the total number of

values in the population.
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 1. MEAN
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
v‘Message Portal’ is a software
project that comprises of 30
different modules. On first
deployment to client, several
bugs were identified in each
module of project in Staging
environment. No. of bugs of
each module varies with respect
to each other.

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 1. MEAN
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
vNumber of bugs in each module
is enlisted below:
v23, 55, 13, 67, 43, 32, 15, 9,
27, 23, 34, 39, 42, 55, 61, 31,
68, 56, 35, 48, 57, 26, 64, 8,
11, 38, 23, 71, 13, 68.

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 1. MEAN
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)

vPopulation Mean
§ µ = 38.5

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN

vSometimes, you must find the

mean of a data set in which not
all values are equally
represented.
§ E.g. Bugs with different severities
require different amount of effort to
resolve each of them. Cosmetic
bugs require minimum effort, while
Crash related bugs require
maximum effort to fix them.

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN

vThe type of mean that considers

an additional factor is called the
weighted mean, and it is used
when the values are not all
equally represented.
vFind the weighted mean of a
variable X by multiplying each
value by its corresponding
weight and dividing the sum of
the products by the sum of the
weights.
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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN
FORMULA
v Weighted Mean:

§ where w1, w2, . . . , wn are the weights and

X1, X2, . . . , Xn are the values.

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN
CASE STUDY (SEVERITY WISE BUGS COUNT)

vQuality Management Team

published the Test report of
‘Message Portal’ after a detailed
test cycle. They reported the
count of overall bugs with
respect to severity.

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN
CASE STUDY (SEVERITY WISE BUGS COUNT)

Severity Bugs Count

Crash 16
Logical 35
Workaround 114
Cosmetic 148

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN
CASE STUDY (SEVERITY WISE BUGS COUNT)

vLets Assign some weight to each

level of severity.
§ Crash = 4
§ Logical = 3
§ Workaround = 2
§ Cosmetic = 1

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 1.1 WEIGHTED MEAN
CASE STUDY (SEVERITY WISE BUGS COUNT)

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 2. MEDIAN

vThe median is the midpoint of

the data array.
vThe symbol for the median is
MD.

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 2. MEDIAN
STEPS IN COMPUTING MEDIAN OF A DATA ARRAY

vStep 1: Arrange the data in order.

vStep 2: For odd number of Data
Array, Select the middle point as a
median.
vStep 3: For Even number of Data
Array, find the median by adding
the two middle values and dividing
by 2.

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 2. MEDIAN
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
vNumber of bugs in each module
in sorted order are given below:
v8, 9, 11, 13, 13, 15, 23, 23, 23,
26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39,
42, 43, 48, 55, 55, 56, 57, 61,
64, 67, 68, 68, 71

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 2. MEDIAN
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)

vMD = (35 + 38)/2 = 36.5

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 3. MODE

vThe value that occurs most often in

a data set is called the mode.
vA data set that has only one value
that occurs with the greatest
frequency is said to be unimodal.
vIf a data set has two values that
occur with the same greatest
frequency, both values are
considered to be the mode and the
data set is said to be bimodal.

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 3. MODE

vIf a data set has more than two

values that occur with the same
greatest frequency, each value is
used as the mode, and the data set
is said to be multimodal.
vWhen no data value occurs more
than once, the data set is said to
have no mode.

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 3. MODE
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
vNumber of bugs in each module
are given below:
v8, 9, 11, 13, 13, 15, 23, 23, 23,
26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39,
42, 43, 48, 55, 55, 56, 57, 61,
64, 67, 68, 68, 71

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 3. MODE

v23 is the value that occurs most

often in this data set.
vTherefore, 23 is Mode of this set.
vSince 23 is the only Mode value,
therefore, this dataset is
unimodal.

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 4. MIDRANGE

vThe midrange is a rough

estimate of the middle.
vThe midrange is defined as the
sum of the lowest and highest
values in the data set, divided
by 2.
vIt can be affected by one
extremely high or low value.
vIt is represented by MR.

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 4. MIDRANGE
FORMULA

vMR = (Lowest value + Highest Value) / 2

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 4. MIDRANGE
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
vNumber of bugs in each module
of ‘Message Portal’ are given
below:
v8, 9, 11, 13, 13, 15, 23, 23, 23,
26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39,
42, 43, 48, 55, 55, 56, 57, 61,
64, 67, 68, 68, 71

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 4. MIDRANGE
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)

vMR = (8 + 71)/2
vMR = 39.5

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MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE w.r.t. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION

1. POSITIVELY SKEWED

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MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE w.r.t. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION

2. SYMMETRIC

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MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE w.r.t. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION

3. NEGATIVELY SKEWED

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2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

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 MEASURES OF VARIATION

vTo measure the variation in the

dataset of population or sample,
several techniques of
measurement are used;
vThese include;
§ Variance
§ Standard Deviation

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 1. VARIANCE

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 1. VARIANCE
FORMULA
vThe formula for the population
variance is:

vwhere
§ X = individual value
§ µ = population mean
§ N = population size

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 1. VARIANCE
CASE STUDY (BUILD WISE BUGS)
v In five different builds of ‘Message
Portal’, the number of bugs identified by
Quality Control Department are enlisted
below:
Build No. No. of Bugs
Build 1 503
Build 2 424
Build 3 311
Build 4 225
Build 5 105

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 1. VARIANCE
CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
vStep 1: Find the Mean

§ µ = (503+424+311+225+105)/5
§ µ = 313.6

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 1. VARIANCE
CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
vStep 2: Subtract the mean from
each value, and place the result in
a separate column.
No. of Bugs (X) X-µ
503 189.4
424 110.4
311 -2.6
225 -88.6
105 -208.6

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 1. VARIANCE
CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
vStep 3: Square each result and
place the squares in a separate
column.
No. of Bugs
X-µ (X-µ)2
(X)
503 189.4 35872.36
424 110.4 12188.16
311 -2.6 6.76
225 -88.6 7849.96
105 -208.6 43513.96

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 1. VARIANCE
CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
v

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 2. STANDARD DEVIATION

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 2. STANDARD DEVIATION

41
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
CASE STUDY (OPEN BUGS)
vNumber of bugs in each module
of ‘Message Portal’ are given
below:
v8, 9, 11, 13, 13, 15, 23, 23, 23,
26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39,
42, 43, 48, 55, 55, 56, 57, 61,
64, 67, 68, 68, 71
vCalculate Variance and Standard
Deviation of above data.

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 SAMPLE VARIANCE

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SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION

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 SHORTCUT FORMULAS

vThe shortcut formulas for

computing the variance and
standard deviation for data
obtained from samples are as
follows.

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