4 3 2

# 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 ∈ ℜ& 𝑎≠0
𝑏
1. 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 4𝑎
3 2
2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐
2. 𝑝 = − 2
8𝑎
3 3
4𝑎𝑏𝑐+𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑑
3. 𝑞 = − 3
8𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑐−4𝑎𝑏𝑑+16𝑎 𝑒
4. 𝑔 = 3
16𝑎
4 3 2
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0

𝑏 4 𝑏 3 𝑏 2 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎(𝑦 − 4𝑎
) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 4𝑎
) + 𝑐(𝑦 − 4𝑎
) + 𝑑(𝑦 − 4𝑎
)+𝑒=0

3 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 2
4 4𝑏𝑦 6𝑏 𝑦 4𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 2 3𝑦 𝑏 3𝑦𝑏 𝑏 2 2𝑏𝑦 𝑏 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎(𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 − 3 + 4 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 − 3 ) + 𝑐(𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 ) + 𝑑(𝑦 − 4𝑎
)+𝑒=0
16𝑎 64𝑎 256𝑎 16𝑎 64𝑎 16𝑎

2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2
4 3 3𝑏 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 3 3𝑦 𝑏 3𝑦𝑏 𝑏 2 2𝑏𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑑
⇒ 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑦 + 8𝑎
− 2 + 3 + 𝑏𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 − 3 + 𝑐𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 + 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑎
+𝑒=0
16𝑎 64𝑎 16𝑎 64𝑎 16𝑎

2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2
4 3𝑏 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 3𝑦 𝑏 3𝑦𝑏 𝑏 2 2𝑏𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑑
⇒ 𝑎𝑦 + 8𝑎
− 2 + 3 − 4𝑎
+ 2 − 3 + 𝑐𝑦 − 4𝑎
+ 2 + 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑎
+𝑒=0
16𝑎 64𝑎 16𝑎 64𝑎 16𝑎

2 2 3 2
4 3𝑏 𝑦 2𝑏 𝑦 2 𝑏𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑑
⇒ 𝑎𝑦 − 8𝑎
+ 2 + 𝑐𝑦 − 2𝑎
+ 2 + 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑎
+𝑒=0
16𝑎 16𝑎

2 2 3 2 2
4 3𝑏 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑦 𝑏𝑑 𝑒
⇒𝑦 − 2 + 3 + 𝑎
− 2 + 3 + 𝑎
− 2 + 𝑎
=0
8𝑎 8𝑎 2𝑎 16𝑎 4𝑎

2 3 2
4 2 3𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝑒
⇒𝑦 −𝑦 ( 2 + 𝑎
) − 𝑦( 2 + 3 + 𝑎
)+ 3 − 2 + 𝑎
=0
8𝑎 2𝑎 8𝑎 16𝑎 4𝑎

3 2 3 3 2 2
4 2 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 4𝑎𝑏𝑐+𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐−4𝑎𝑏𝑑+16𝑎 𝑒
⇒𝑦 −𝑦 ( 2 ) − 𝑦( 3 )+( 3 )=0
8𝑎 8𝑎 16𝑎

4 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑔 = 0

4 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝𝑦 = − (𝑞𝑦 + 𝑔)

4 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝𝑦 + (𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 ) = ( 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 ) − (𝑞𝑦 + 𝑔)

4 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 2𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔

2 2 2 2
⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑝) = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑝) + 2𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑝) + 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔 + 2𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑝) + 𝑧

4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 + 2𝑝𝑦 + 2𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑝) = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 + 𝑧

4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 + 2𝑝𝑦 + 2𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑝) = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 + 𝑧

4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 + 2𝑝𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑔 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 + 𝑧

2 2 2 2 2
⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧) = 𝑦 (𝑝 + 2𝑧) − 𝑞𝑦 + (2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑔 + 𝑧 + 𝑝 )
[Now, we have to choose the value of ‘z’ so that the right side can be a perfect square. As you’re studying this higher
level of mathematical induction of quartic formula, I would initially guess you also know about quadratic formula too.
So, I won’t deduce quadratic formula here. ]
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
(𝑎𝑥 + 2
) = ( 2 ) − 4𝑎𝑐
Here, the right side is the discriminant of the quadratic formula. So, here’s the quadratic formula:
2
−𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

2
The discriminant of quadratic formula is ‘𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐’.Now, you might wonder why we need a square. Because, a
square is a quadratic polynomial but it only has 1 root instead of 2. Also, it’s discriminant is 0. So, we can take the
square root of both sides & easily solve our quartic equation. Similarly, the term
2 2 2
‘𝑦 (𝑝 + 2𝑧) − 𝑞𝑦 + (2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑔 + 𝑧 + 𝑝 )’ is also a discriminant in the quartic formula. So we need to find the value
of ‘z’ where it will cancel out the discriminant,

2 2 2
⇒ 𝑞 − 4(𝑝 + 2𝑧)(2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑔 + 𝑧 + 𝑝 ) = 0

2 2 2 3 2 3 2
⇒ 𝑞 − 4(2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑝 + 4𝑝𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑔 + 2𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑝 ) = 0

2 2 3 2 3
⇒ 𝑞 − 4(4𝑧𝑝 − 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑝 + 5𝑝𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑔 + 2𝑧 ) = 0

2 2 3 2 3
⇒ 𝑞 − 16𝑧𝑝 + 4𝑝𝑔 − 4𝑝 − 20𝑝𝑧 + 8𝑧𝑔 − 8𝑧 = 0

3 2 3 2 2
⇒ 8𝑧 − 8𝑧𝑔 + 20𝑝𝑧 + 4𝑝 − 4𝑝𝑔 + 16𝑧𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0

3 2 2 3 2
⇒ 8𝑧 + 20𝑝𝑧 − 8𝑧𝑔 + 16𝑧𝑝 + 4𝑝 − 4𝑝𝑔 − 𝑞 = 0

3 2 2 3 2
⇒ 8𝑧 + 20𝑝𝑧 + 𝑧(16𝑝 − 8𝑔) + 1(4𝑝 − 4𝑝𝑔 − 𝑞 ) = 0

[Use cubic formulae]

3 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 6 3 3 2
5 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 5 𝑏 𝑐−4𝑎𝑏𝑑+16𝑎 𝑒 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 1 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 1 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐−4𝑎𝑏𝑑+16𝑎 𝑒 125 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 1 4𝑎𝑏𝑐+𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑑
𝑜= 6
( 2 ) − 12
( 3 )( 2 ) + 4
( 2 ) + 4
( 2 )( 3 )− 216
( 2 ) − 27
( 3 )
8𝑎 16𝑎 8𝑎 8𝑎 8𝑎 16𝑎 8𝑎 8𝑎

3 2 2 2 2 3 2 4
2 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐 1 𝑏 𝑐−4𝑎𝑏𝑑+16𝑎 𝑒 25 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐
𝑛= 3
( 2 ) − 3
( 3 )− 36
( 2 )
8𝑎 16𝑎 8𝑎
1 3
ω =− 2
+ 2
𝑖
3 3 3 2
2 3 2 3 5 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐
𝑧1 = 𝑜+ 𝑜 +𝑛 + 𝑜− 𝑜 +𝑛 − 6
(− 2 )
8𝑎
3 3 3 2
2 2 3 2 3 5 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐
𝑧2 = ω 𝑜+ 𝑜 +𝑛 + ω 𝑜 − 𝑜 +𝑛 − 6
(− 2 )
8𝑎
3 3 3 2
2 3 2 2 3 5 2𝑏 +8𝑎 𝑐
𝑧3 = ω 𝑜 + 𝑜 +𝑛 +ω 𝑜− 𝑜 +𝑛 − 6
(− 2 )
8𝑎

As mentioned previously, by choosing all the values over ‘z’, the right side will turn into a perfect square or zero
determinant.
2 2 2 2
(𝑎𝑙 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑙 + 𝑏
 2
2𝑎 2 2 2 4𝑎 2
⇒ (𝑎𝑙 + 2𝑎
𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑙 + 2 𝑏
4𝑎
2
2𝑎𝑏 2 2 2 (2𝑎𝑏)
⇒ (𝑎𝑙 + 2𝑎
) = 𝑎 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑙 + 2
4𝑎
Now, if we correlate the above line with our right side, with the variable being ‘y’ instead of ‘l’, we get the form:
𝑎 = 𝑝 + 2𝑧
2 2
𝑏 = 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑔 + 𝑧 + 𝑝
2𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑞
2 2 2 𝑞 2
𝑦 (𝑝 + 2𝑧) − 𝑞𝑦 + (2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑔 + 𝑧 + 𝑝 ) = ( 𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑦 − )
2 𝑝+2𝑧

2 2 𝑞 2
(𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧) = ( 𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑦 − )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
2 2 𝑞 2
⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧) = ( 𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑦 − )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
2 𝑞
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 =± ( 𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑦 − )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
2 𝑞
⇒ 𝑦 ∓ 𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑦 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 ± =0
2 𝑝+2𝑧
2 𝑞
−∓ 𝑝+2𝑧± (∓ 𝑝+2𝑧) −4(𝑝+𝑧± )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
⇒𝑦 = 2
𝑞
± 𝑝+2𝑧± 𝑝+2𝑧−4(𝑝+𝑧± )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
⇒𝑦 = 2
𝑞
± 𝑝+2𝑧± 𝑝+2𝑧−4(𝑝+𝑧± )
2 𝑝+2𝑧
⇒𝑦 = 2
𝑞
± 𝑝+2𝑧± 𝑝+2𝑧−4(𝑝+𝑧± )
𝑏 2 𝑝+2𝑧
⇒𝑥 + 4𝑎
= 2
𝑞
± 𝑝+2𝑧± 𝑝+2𝑧−4(𝑝+𝑧± )
2 𝑝+2𝑧 𝑏
⇒𝑥 = 2
− 4𝑎