CVS 166

CSEN 126
Engineering Drawing II

Foundations Foundations
He who has not first laid his foundations may
be able with great ability to lay them
afterwards, but they will be laid with trouble to
the architect and danger to the building.
Evans Khadambi Luyali Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), The Prince
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering

Foundations Purpose of Foundations

• Purpose
• Provide a level, stable surface to safely
• Considerations
support a building
• Types of Foundations
– Shallow Foundations • Transfer building loads to soil
• Spread Footings
• Anchor the building from wind, flood, and
• Strip Foundations
• Slab-on-Grade and Thickened Slabs
seismic loads
• Mat Foundation
– Deep Foundations
• Piles
• Cast-in-Situ Piles
• Why Do Foundations Fail?

Loads from the Structure Settlement

Words and Concepts
Foundations must resist
•Dead Load
•Live Load
•Lateral Loads
-- Wind
-- Seismic activity
-- Flood
A）Building Before Settlement Occurs
B）Uniform Settlement
C) Differential Settlement

SOIL REACTIONS

1
 CVS 166

Major Building Parts Types of Foundations

• Shallow Foundation: Transfers loads to
the soil very near the surface
– Spread footing or strip footing
Superstructure – Mat or raft foundation
– Slab-on-grade

Substructure • Deep Foundation: Transfers loads to

deeper soil layers
– Piles
Foundation
– Cast-in-Situ Piles
7 8

Shallow Foundation
• The load from the LOAD

footing spreads out

so that the soil
bearing pressure Critical
Shallow Foundations diminishes with Load Area
depth.

• The soil directly

under the footing Bearing
Pressure
takes the greatest
(decreases
load. with depth)
9 10

Spread (Column) Footing Continuous (Strip) Foundation

A wide strip of reinforced
COLUMN
LOAD
concrete that supports
A footing that spreads loads from a bearing wall
PIER
the load over a broad
(Concrete or area which supports one USES FOUNDATION
Masonry)
(or a few) load(s) • Light frame construction WALL
(Concrete or
• Under foundation walls Masonry)
SPREAD
FOOTING
(Concrete) USES STRIP
Usually used in low-rise FOOTING
(Concrete)
buildings

2
 CVS 166

Continuous (Strip) Foundation Concrete Footings

Words and Concepts
A wide strip of reinforced
concrete that supports
loads from a bearing wall

USES FOUNDATION
• Light frame construction WALL
(Concrete or
• Under foundation walls Masonry)

STRIP （A）Column Footing (or base)

FOOTING （B）Wall Footing (or strip)
(Concrete)

Slab-on-Grade Mat / Raft Foundation

and Thickened Slab A large, heavily reinforced
WALL
concrete slab placed under
Slab-on-Grade – Reinforced concrete SLAB-ON- the entire building to MAT FOUNDATION
floor supported by soil GRADE support loads from several
Thickened Slab – A slab on grade with points
an integral footing created by thickening
the slab
USES
USES
Heavy loads on weak soil
• Residential or light commercial
construction

THICKENED
CONCRETE PIER
SLAB

Deep Foundation
LOAD
PILE CAP

Top
PILES The building
Deep Foundations
Soil
LOAD is
Friction Force transferred
(Resisting Force) through friction on
Weak the sides of the
Soil
Bearing Force piles and/or
(Resisting Force) bearing on the
end of the piles
Strong
17
Soil

3
 CVS 166

Driven Piles Pile Foundation

PIER
(CONCRETE) LOAD Pile – Vertical structural
Two basic types of Piles member that is driven,
– End bearing pile - point loading PILE CAP jetted, or drilled into the
– Friction pile - load transferred by friction resistance (CONCRETE) ground in order to gain
between the pile and the earth support from deeper soil
layers

USES
Weak shallow soil with
deep satisfactory soils
PILE
19

Cast-in-Situ Piles Deep Foundations - Purpose

transfer building loads deep into the earth
A large diameter cast-in-place concrete pile
Basic types
– Drilled (& poured)

GRADE BEAM

USES CAST-IN-SITU
– Driven
PILE
Weak shallow soil LOAD
with satisfactory
soils at intermediate
depth
BELL can improve
bearing capacity 22

PILES Types of foundations

• Foundation piers
widen beneath the
ground to spread the
weight of the house
over a larger area to
help reduce settlement

24

4
 CVS 166

Concrete Strip Foundation Combination Spread & Strip Footing

for Cavity Wall

26

Shallow
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
Foundations
 SOG with thickened
edges

 Eccentrically loaded
footings

 Mat foundation
 Floating (Mat)
foundation

27

Why Do Foundations Fail?

Foundation Failure Bending

Failure
Bending Failure – Foundation
fractures due to bending moment
Shear Failure – Foundation breaks SECTION
due to excessive shear
Punch Through – Structural member
“punches through” concrete
foundation
Punch
PLAN
Through
29

5
 CVS 166

Why Do Foundations Fail? Why Do Foundations Fail?

Foundation Failure Soil Failure

Bending
Failure
Bending Failure – Foundation Settlement – Foundation
fractures due to bending moment moves
Shear Failure – Foundation breaks SECTION • Weak or compressible soil
due to excessive shear • Expansion/contraction of soil
Punch Through – Structural member (moisture)
“punches through” concrete • Frost heave
foundation
Illustrations courtesy U. S. Marine Corp.

Punch
PLAN
Through

Why Do Foundations Fail?

Soil Failure
Settlement – Foundation
moves
• Weak or compressible soil
• Expansion/contraction of soil
(moisture)
• Frost heave

Illustrations courtesy U. S. Marine Corp.