Mixed Topic Revision 3

1 The alkenes and alkanes are both examples of homologous series which are hydrocarbons.

(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Give three characteristics of an homologous series.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................

3 ..................................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Name and draw the structure of the second member of the alkene homologous series.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ...........................................................................................................................................

structure

[2]

(d) Alcohols can be made from alkenes.

Name the reagent and conditions needed to convert an alkene into an alcohol.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(e) The alcohol butanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, can be converted into a carboxylic acid with four

carbon atoms.

(i) Name the carboxylic acid formed from butanol and draw its structure. Show all of the

atoms and all of the bonds.

name ....................................................................................................................................

structure

[2]

(ii) Ethanoic acid can be formed from ethanol by fermentation. It can also be formed by the

addition of a suitable chemical reagent.

Name the reagent needed to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) State the type of chemical change which occurs when ethanol is converted into

ethanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(f) Describe how a student could prepare the ester methyl ethanoate in a school laboratory.

In your description give

● the names of the two starting organic chemicals,

● the essential reaction conditions needed,

● a chemical equation for the reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 19]

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2 (a) An homologous series is a ‘family’ of organic compounds whose names have the same

ending.

(i) Name the homologous series for which the names of the organic compounds end in -ene

and -oic acid.

-ene ............................................................................................................................... [1]

-oic acid ......................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two characteristics of an homologous series.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Propan-1-ol is a member of the homologous series of alcohols. It reacts in the same way as
ethanol with acidified potassium manganate(VII) and with carboxylic acids.
Name the type of compound that is formed when propan-1-ol is heated with
acidified potassium manganate(VII), .........................................................................................

ethanoic acid and a suitable catalyst. .........................................................................................[2]

(c) The structure of prop-2-enoic (acrylic) acid is shown.

(i) What would you see if prop-2-enoic acid were added to

aqueous bromine, ................................................................................................................

a solution of sodium carbonate. ...........................................................................................[2]

(ii) Prop-2-enoic acid can be polymerised to form poly(acrylic acid).

Suggest the type of polymerisation that occurs and draw one repeat unit of the polymer.

type of polymerisation ..........................................................................................................

repeat unit

[3]

[Total: 11]
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3 Cyclopropane is a colourless gas. Cyclopropane reacts with bromine at room temperature. The

chemical equation for the reaction is shown.

(a) (i) What is the empirical formula of cyclopropane?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) What colour change, if any, would you see when cyclopropane is bubbled into aqueous

bromine?

initial colour ..........................................................................................................................

final colour ...........................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The reaction of cyclopropane with bromine is exothermic.

(i) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction by

● adding the product of the reaction,

● labelling the energy change, ΔH.

4 Gasoline is used as a fuel for cars. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

(a) Name the raw material from which gasoline is obtained.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) One of the compounds in gasoline is heptane, C7H16. Heptane is a saturated hydrocarbon.

(i) What is meant by the term saturated hydrocarbon?

saturated ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

hydrocarbon .........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) To which homologous series does heptane belong?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Give two characteristics of an homologous series.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Complete the chemical equation for the complete combustion of heptane.

C7H16 + ..........O2 ....................... + ....................... [2]

(d) The formula C4H10 represents two structural isomers, A and B.

(i) Name isomer A.

....................................... [1]

(ii) What is meant by the term structural isomers?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

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 (iii) Isomer B reacts with chlorine in a substitution reaction.

Give the conditions required for the reaction to occur and draw the structures of two

possible products, one of which is organic and one of which is not organic.

conditions ............................................................................................................................

structures of products

[3]

5 The table shows the structures of four hydrocarbons.

(a) Why are compounds P, Q, R and S known as hydrocarbons?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Compound P is saturated.

What is meant by the term saturated ?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Compound P undergoes a substitution reaction with chlorine.

(i) What is meant by the term substitution reaction?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State a condition required for this reaction to occur.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (iii) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Compound R undergoes an addition reaction with bromine.

(i) Why is this reaction an addition reaction?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A compound containing bromine is formed in this reaction.

Draw the structure of this compound. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(e) Draw the structure of an unbranched isomer of compound S. Show all of the atoms and all of

the bonds. Name this unbranched isomer of compound S.

structure

name ..........................................................................................................................................[2]

(f) Compound Q undergoes polymerisation.

(i) Name the polymer formed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (ii) Complete the chemical equation to show the polymerisation of compound Q.

n CH2=CH2

[2]

(g) Amino acids undergo polymerisation to form proteins. Part of a protein molecule with the

linkages missing is shown.

Draw the linkages on the diagram. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

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6 (a) Compounds T and V both have the molecular formula C3H6O2.

●● Compound T produces bubbles of carbon dioxide gas when it is added to aqueous

sodium carbonate.

●● Compound V is an ester.

(i) What is the name given to compounds with the same molecular formula but different

structures?................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Draw the structures of compounds T and V. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

compound T

compound V

[2]

(iii) All compounds with the molecular formula C3H6O2 can undergo complete combustion in

an excess of oxygen.

Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

C3H6O2 + ........................ ........................ + ........................ [2]

(b) Compound W has the molecular formula C2H6O. Compound W reacts when heated with

ethanoic acid and a catalyst to produce a sweet‑smelling liquid.

(i) Give the name of the homologous series to which compound W belongs.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

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 (ii) Draw the structure of compound W. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State the general formula of:

alkanes ................................................................................................................................

alkenes ................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Ethanol can be produced from long‑chain alkanes as shown.

Describe the two‑stage manufacture of ethanol from the long‑chain alkane octane, C8H18.

Include:

●● the names of the types of chemical reactions that occur

●● reaction equations

●● reaction conditions.

step 1 .........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

step 2 .........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [5]

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7 Ethanol is manufactured by two different processes.

(a) For each process, name the organic reactant and state the type of reaction.

organic reactant ............................................... type of reaction ...............................................

organic reactant ............................................... type of reaction ...............................................[4]

(b) Alcohols can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids.

Name a suitable oxidising agent for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Alcohols can be partially oxidised to form aldehydes.

Aldehydes are a homologous series of organic compounds.

Partial oxidation is achieved by reacting an alcohol with the oxidising agent in distillation

apparatus as shown.

(i) Name apparatus A.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) On the diagram, use one arrow to show where water enters apparatus A. [1]

(d) The table shows some information about aldehydes.

(i) Complete the table.

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 (ii) Deduce the general formula of aldehydes.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(e) The structural formula of ethanal is shown.

The C=O group in aldehydes is at the end of the carbon chain.

This is a reactive part of the molecule.

(i) What is the name given to the reactive part of any organic molecule?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of a molecule of

ethanal. Inner shells have been drawn.

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 (f) Propanone belongs to a homologous series called ketones. Ketones have the same C=O

group as aldehydes but the C=O group is not at the end of the carbon chain. Propanone has

the same molecular formula as propanal, C3H6O.

(i) What term is used to describe molecules with different structures but with the same

molecular formula?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Suggest the structure of propanone, C3H6O. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 17]

8 (a) Part of the synthetic polymer, nylon, is shown in the diagram.

(i) Circle one amide linkage on the diagram. [1]

(ii) Complete the structures of the two monomers that react to form nylon.

(iii) Name the other product formed when nylon is produced.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (b) Items made from nylon are often disposed of by burying them in the ground. This is called

landfill. Why is the disposal of nylon using landfill a problem?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Give the name of a natural polymer.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

9 (a) Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

It is separated into useful fractions by fractional

distillation. This can be done using the

fractionating column shown.

(i) What happens to the petroleum at point X, before it enters the fractionating column?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State two ways in which fraction O differs from fraction L.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The alkane with the molecular formula C5H12 can exist as a number of structural isomers.

Draw the structures of two isomers with the formula C5H12.

[2]

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 (c) The alkane ethane has the structure shown.

When a mixture of ethane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light a substitution reaction

takes place. Draw the structure of one organic product from this substitution reaction.

[1]

(d) Isoprene is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon.

(i) Explain how the name of isoprene suggests that it contains a C=C double bond.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) A sample of isoprene had the following composition by mass: C, 88.24%; H, 11.76%.

Calculate the empirical formula of isoprene. Show all your working.

empirical formula = .............................. [3]

(iii) What additional information would be required to calculate the molecular formula of

isoprene?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

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