19TH Century - as the century of change and birth of modern life.

Economic Context Opening of Suez Canal

End of Galleon Trade (1565 – 1815)
 Started when Andres de Urdareta and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico.
 Manila Galleon — Spanish Trading Ship that crossed Pacific
Coast from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico.
 Manila became the trading hub. Chinese mostly run the hub so
the Spaniards feared them and taxed them.
 Philippines trading to; China, Japan, Thaliand (Siam), India,
Cambodia, Bornea, Spice Island
Nov. 17, 1869
 An artificial sea level waterway in Egypt.
 Connects the Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea through the
Isthmus of Suez.
 Constructed by Suez Company under the leadership of
Ferdinand de Lesseps between 1859 & 1869.
 Before Suez: 3 months of journey
 After Suez: 32 to 40 days of journey

Philippines to Mexico Trade

- Mango
- Rice
- Carabaos
- Cockfighting
- Tuba
- Textile
- Fireworks display

Mexico to Philippines Trade

Rise of Export of Crop Economy 1820 – 1870
- Flora (plants)
- Fauna (animals) like horses and cattle
- Fruits like pineapple, guava and avocado
Monopolies - rentas estancadas Social Background

To control the extraction and utilization of natural resources, Spaniards

institutionalized economic programs that were known profitable.

March 1, 1782

1781 - 1881 or 1782 - 1882 Education in the 19th Century Philippines

Exactly 100 years.  The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish
times.
 Spanish Governor General Jose V. Basco established the tobacco  European educational system was introduced to the Philippines.
monopoly as his economic program.  King Philip II’s Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies)

Widespread cultivation of tobacco How the Philippines should be ruled and organized.

Provinces of: King Philip II ordered Spanish government in the Philippines should
educate the locals to read, write, and understand Spanish language.
- Cagayan Valley
- Ilocos Norte  The first formal schools were the Parochial schools in the
- Ilocos Sur parishes by the missionaries.
- La Union  Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans open the
- Isabela first formal schools in their parishes.
- Abra  Native children were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and
- Nueva Ecija some vocational and practical arts subjects.
- Marinduque  Latin was also taught to the students.

 A century of hardship and social injustice caused by tobacco 1863 Royal Decree called for the establishment of a public
monopoly prompted Filipinos in general and Novo Ecijanos in school system in the Philippines.
particular to seek freedom from colonial bondage
  In the early part of the 17th century, the universities only CHINESE MESTIZO
accepted Spaniards and those with Spanish blood
(mestizos).  Mixed blood (Chinese father & Indio mother)
 There was no co-education during the Spanish regime  Mestiza married a Chinese or Mestizo

 New Social Class: Ilustrados But...

 Opening of the Suez Canal Chinese mestiza married an Indio, listed as an Indio together with her
family.
Nationalism and the desire to reform arose.
Assendance of Chinese Mestizo
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 Chinese mestizos became prominent and influential figures in
Lead by some of the Ilustrados. the areas of industry, commerce, and business during Spanish
colonial period.
 They handled internal trading while Spanish Mestizos were
concerned with foreign trade.
The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
 The entrepreneurial power of the Chinese Mestizos gave way to
 1594 - Spanish Governor Luiz Perez Dasmarinas created the emergence of new class. MIDDLE CLASS.
Binondo as permanent settlement for Chinese mestizo who
converted to Catholicism. Formation of Filipino Identity

- Intermarriage - 1800s,
- Trading
MIDDLE CLASS of Chinese Mestizos in the provinces began to set
Inhabitants Classification from Beginning of Spanish Colonial the tone of public opinion.
Period until 1740:
Spaniards were threatened.
- Spaniards
- Indios
- Chinese
Rise of Inquilinos
Inhabitants Classification 1741 (for purposes of tribute and tax
payment.)  Inquilino, a spanish term that has the same meaning as "tenant" in
English. In the 19th Century, the inquilino system in the
- Spaniards And Spanish Mestizos Philippines is better understood as a qualified system of tenacy, or
- Indios the right to use land in exchange for rent.
- Chinese and Chinese Mestizos
 2. He recognized the freedom of speech and of the press.
3. He solved the agrarian problem in Cavite without bloodshed.

The Impact of the Bourbon Reform

The Bourbon reforms have been termed "a revolution in government"

for their sweeping changes in the structure of administration that sought
to strengthen the power of the Spanish state, decrease the power of
local elites in favor of office holders from the Iberian Peninsula, and
increase revenues for the crown.

- Spanish Bourbon King Philip V (1700-1746) advocated a

century long effort to return and modify the Spanish empire.
- These are policy changes endeavored to curtail contrabands,
Political Landscape
commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade or galleon
The so-called political influences affecting the 19th century Philippines trade, restrict the church’s power, reform state finances to fill
largely impacted the locals, particularly Jose Rizal. Under these dwindling royal coffers, and found tighter administrative and
political influences, worthy of mention are political control within the empire

a) Liberalism
b) The Impact of the Borboun Reforms and Effects of the Bourbon Reforms in the Philippines
c) The Cadiz Constitution.
 It has been advantageous to the Philippines, which was under
Liberalism Spain from 1565-1898
 The Philippines was practically far from Spain, so it was hard
When the Philippines was opened to world trade in the 19th century, for the Bourbon advocates to check if reform policies were
liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people from foreign properly implemented in Spain’s colony.
parts started to penetrate the country and sway the ilustrados.
Is it effective?
 General Carlos Maria De la Torre was appointed by the
provisional government as Governor General of the Philippines
from 1869-1871.
 He was considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish
Governor General ever assigned in the Philippines. His rule was
essential in the down of national consciousness of the locals in the
19th century.

His Achievements during his two-year term:

1. He encouraged freedom and abolished censorship.

Conlusion
 Changing policies should be very cautious because it also might
affect the country and the other colonies.
 It had a positive impact on the country but it also had many
conflicts that it turned out not to be so effective.
 The impact that it gave is to give people, especially the natives
in the Philippines the idea that colonization could be done
without much intervention from the Catholic church.
The Cadiz Constitution
 A liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812. It
is drafted by elected representatives and was put in practice in
almost all the areas of Hispanic monarchy still under the control
of the Spanish crown.
 The first constitution in Europe to deal with national sovereignty
as coming from the people and not from the king.
Cadiz Constitution in the Philippine Context
The first delegates from the Philippines were Pedro Prerez de Tagle
and Jose Manuel Coretto who took their office in Madrid, Spain.
The Cadiz constitution, which was formally implemented in Manila
soon after established the:
Principles of universal male suffrage
 Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which
all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to
vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other
qualification.
National sovereignty
 Sovereignty means that a government possesses full control over
affairs within a territorial or geographical area or limit.
Constitutional monarchy
 A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or
democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the
monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a
constitution and is not alone in decision making.
Freedom of the press
 People can check or have thoughts on what the government is
doing.
Advocate land reform and enterprise
 In order to improve the economical aspect not only of the Spanish
people, but also the colonies on Spain before.
Even though the Cadiz Constitution is advantageous, there are still
negative situations that happened. They invalidated the liberal
constitution when King Fernando VII was declared to his throne, he
invalidated the liberalism and restored absolutism.
Rizal's life and His Society
Sociological Imagination
 People can view their inner life in terms of larger historical
forces.
 Recognize the responses available to them by being aware of all
individuals share the same situation as themselves.
 Understand their own experiences by locating themselves in
history ways that benefited others.
 Rizal understood the societal forces shaping his life. Thus, he
was able to respond in ways that benefited others.
 6. Maria Rizal (1859 – 1945)
7. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865)
8. Josefa Rizal (1865 – 1945)
9. Trinidad Rizal (1868– 1951)
10. Soledad Rizal (1870 – 1929)
Dr. Jose P. Rizal
The Surname Rizal
 He was born June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna and died on
December 30, 1896. He is the seventh among 11 siblings.  Jose and Paciano could have been known as “Lamco” (and not
 During his childhood, he was a talented child and exceled in Rizal) brothers.
writing, sports, and arts.  Their great-great grandfather was a Chinese merchant named
Domingo Lamco, adopted the name “Mercado,” which means
Don Francisco Mercado merchant.
 But Jose’s father who eventually became a farmer adopted the
 Born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. name “Rizal” (originally Ricial) which means “The green of
 Became Tiniente Gobernadorcillo (lieutenant governor) in young growth” or “Green fields.”
Calamba, and thus nicknamed Tiniente Kiko.  Paciano also influenced Jose to use the surname “Rizal” for
 He took latin and philosophy at the college of San Jose in safety reasons.
manila where he met and fell in love with Teodora Alonso a  “My family never paid much attention [to our second surname
student in the college of Santa Rosa. Rizal], but I have to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an
 Both got married on June 28, 1848. illegitimate child!” (Arriza, 2012).
 By the time he finished writing El Filibusterismo in 1891. He
Doña Teodora Alonso wrote to a friend “All my family now carry the name Rizal
means persecution! Good! I want to join them and be worthy of
 Doña Teodora Alonso Quintos Realonda
this family name…” (Arriza, 2012”
 Also known as Lolay was born on November 9, 1827.
 She was a highly cultured woman from Calamba, Manila, and Rizal’s Birth
was second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos.
 She was educated at the college of Santa Rosa, an esteemed  Doña Teodora suffered the greatest pain during the delivery of
school for girls in manila. her seventh child, Jose.
 She is also believed to be a descendant of Lakandula. The last  Narcisa recalled “I was 9 years of age when my mother gave
native King of Tondo. birth to Jose, I recall it vividly because my mother suffered great
pain.”
Jose’s Siblings  Doña Teodora labored for a long time due to the fact that Jose’s
head was bigger than normal.
1. Saturnina Rizal(1850– 1913)
2. Paciano Rizal (1851 – 1930)
3. Narcisa Rizal (1852 – 1939)
4. Olympia Rizal (1855 –1887)
5. Lucia Rizal (1857 – 1919)
The Childhood of a Phenom
 A Phenom is someone who is exceptionally talented or admired,
especially an up-and-comer. Rizal, especially during his
childhood, was none the less a phenom.
 Jose Rizal (Pepe) was weak, sickly, and undersized. He was given
the fondest care by his parents. His father even built him a Nipa
Cottage to play.
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was in the family
garden when he was 3yrs. old.
 Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. by
nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the
house to pray the Angelus.
 When Jose was four years old mourned for his sister’s death
“Concha.” And wrote in his memoir “I Shed tears caused by love
and grief.”
 At the age of five, young Pepe learned to read Spanish family
bible. He loved to go to chapels and read Novena.
 While on the other hand, young Pepe started to make pencil
sketches, mold in clay, and wax objects. And somewhere at the
age of five, while molding clay his sister was laughed at him, and
young Pepe prophetically said “Alright laugh at me now!
Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of
me.”
 He was even gifted a pony named “Alipato.” While his mother
induced him to love arts, literature, and the classics. And before
he was eight, he had written a drama which was performed at a
local festival and for which the municipal captain rewarded him
with two pesos.
 The young Rizal was also interested in magic. He read many
books on magic, and learned many different tricks, such as
making coins disappear and a handkerchief vanish in the air.
 Some other influences of Rizal's childhood involved his three
uncles: his Tio Jose Alberto who inspired him to cultivate his
artistic ability; his Tio Manuel who encouraged him to fortify his
frail body through physical exercises; and his Tio Gregorio who
intensified Rizal's avidness to read good books.
The Story of the Moth
Lolay told a story about a daughter moth who was warned by her
mother against going too near a lamp flame. Though the young moth
promised to comply. She later succumbed to the pull of the light's
mysterious charm, believing that nothing bad would happen if she
approached it with caution.
The moth then flew close to the flame Feeling comforting warmth at
first, she drew closer and closer. Bit by bit, until she flew too close
enough to the flame and perished.
Early Education
First Education
 Doña Teodora (Lolay) was his first teacher.
 Rizal wrote, “My mother taught me how to read and to say
haltingly the humble prayers which I raised fervently to God.
Education in Calamba
 Calamba was the place where Rizal’s mother taught him
 Doña Teodora was a highly educated woman of fine culture
which gives her the capacity to teach Spanish, reading, poetry,
and values.
 Saturtina and Rizal’s three maternal uncles also mentored him.
 They influenced him in painting, sketching, sculpting, love for
reading, and even martial arts.
Private tutors
 Maestro Celestino
 Maestro Lucas Padua
 Leon Monroy – a former classmate of Don Francisco, and lived
at Rizal’s home and tutored him Spanish and Latin.
Education in Biñan
 Jose was later on sent to a private school in Biñan.
  His brother brought him to the school of Maestro Justiniano
Aquino Cruz.
 Jose stayed at his aunts’ home. In Rizal’s own words, his teacher
“knew by the heart the grammars by Nebrija and Gainza.
His first day in Binañ School
 Jose he was bullied by his teacher’s son Pedro and even challenge
him for a fight. And since the young and small Jose had knowledge
martial arts; he defeated his tormentor.
 In the following days Jose even got involved with the Biñan boys
(an average of 2 fights per day.)
 He may have not won all of his fights but he beat all Biñan boys
academically in Spanish, Latin, and many more subjects.
 And after Jose told his father the he already learned all that was too
taught in school, and was confirm by his teacher. His father later
decided to send him to Manila.
 He was sent by Don Francisco to Manila for further education in
June 1872
 He became an intern/boarding student at Ateneo and stayed there
until his graduation
 1877-1882, Rizal studied at University of Santo Tomas but
shifted a year later.
 He boarded in the house of Concha Leyva in Intramuros and
later in Casa Tomasina.
Education in Ateneo
 There is a claim that Rizal attended Colegio de San Juan de
Letran from the biñan school.
 He was sent to enroll in Ateneo Municipal in June 1872.
 Rizal faced discrimination from his classmates and professors,
primarily because of his limited knowledge of Spain.
 To promote healthy competition, classes at Ateneo were split
into two groups: The Roman Empire and The Carthaginian.
 March 23, 1877 - He graduated with a bachelor's in arts, being
one of the nine students in his class who were recognized as
“sobresaliente”, or outstanding.
Education in UST
 Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas in 1877 with a
course of Philosophy and Letters and at the same time, he took a
vocational course of Land Surveyor and Assessor’s degree at
Ateneo.
 After a year, he switched to a medicine course but due to obsolete
and repressive teachings by the discriminating Dominican
professors, he stopped attending UST in 1882.
 He took a total of 19 subjects at UST
Education in Europe
 Rizal left for Spain on May 3, 1882 and enrolled at the
Universidad Central de Madrid with a course of Philosophy and
Letters and Medicine.
 In November 1884, Dr. Miguel Morayta delivered his liberal
speech proclaiming the freedom of science and teachers at the
opening ceremony of the academic year.
  At the age of 23, Rizal received the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine in June of 1884. The following years, he took and
completed three additional subjects that led him to a Doctor of
Medicine degree.
 The Madrid University awarded him the degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters.
 Rizal went to University of Paris and attended Medical lectures
from November 1885 - 86 and became an assistant to Dr. Louis de
Weckert.
 Rizal arrived at the University of Heidelberg in Germany on
February 3, 1886 to attend lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Prof.
Wilhelm Kuehne and worked at the university’s eye hospital and
quickly learned to use the newly invented ophthalmoscope which
he later used to operate his mother’s eye.
 Rizal spent 3 months in Wilhelmsfeld village and completed the
last 3 chapters of Noli Me Tangere in a pastoral house of Dr. Karl
Ullmer.
 In Berlin, Rizal worked as an assistant in Dr. Schweigger’s clinic.
He was also admitted as a member of Ethnological Society,
Anthropological Society, and Geographical Society in April 1887
and was invited to deliver an address in German.
Life in Europe
Europe
 After graduating, he decided to go to Spain - SECRETLY
 On May 1882, he set on board at steamer named “Salvadora”
 Jose Mercado a native of Sta. Cruz, written in his passport
 Aside from completing his studies in spain, he was also in “secret
mission”
Singapore
 He saw an Island called “Talim Island with Susong Dalaga”
 On May 9, he arrived in Singapore and stayed for 2 days in Hotel
de la Paz
 He saw, Botanical Garden, the buddhist temple, and the statue of
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles - founder of Singapore
Colombo
 Boarded the french ship “Djemnah” on May 11
 On May 17, they reached Punta de Gales, a seacoast town in
southern Ceylon
 From Colombo, the ship continued the voyage crossing the Indian
Ocean to the cape coast of Africa
 Reached Aden, which he found hotter than Manila
 The ship proceeded to city of suez, the Red Sea Terminal of Suez
Canal
Naples and Marseilles
 He then reached Naples on June 11
 Finally, on June 12, the ship reached Marseilles, France
Barcelona
 On the afternoon of May 15, Rizal left Marseilles to proceed to
Spain riding an express train
 Crossed Pyrenees and stopped at the frontier town of Port Bou
 Finally reaching Barcelona on June 12, his first impression of it
was unfavorable. But later on, found it as a great city, with an
atmosphere of freedom and liberalism
  Enjoyed promenading along Las Ramblas
 Gave him a party at café Plaza de Cataluña
 While living there, he wrote El Amor Patrio, then later sent it to
Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog
Madrid
 Evening of September 16, 1882, he met Consuelo Ortiga y Perez,
daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey
 On November 3, 1882, he enrolled at Universidad Central de
Madrid and took up courses Medicine, Philosophy and Letters
 Took classes painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts
of San Fernando
 He later joined Circulo Hispano Filipino
 Rizal wrote Mi Piden Versos
Paris
 On July 17, 1883. Rizal left Madrid to visit Paris
 He visited different tourist spots like the Opera House, the Place de
la Concorde, the Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne, the
Madelaine Church, the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Column of
Vendome, the Invalides, and the Versailes.
Spain
 When he got back to Madrid, he became close to Spanish liberal
and republican Spaniards, who were mostly Masons.
 On March 1883, he became a member of the Masonic Lodge
called as “ACACIA”
 Later on, he was transferred to Lodge Solidaridad wherein he
became a Master Mason in November 15, 1890
 He was awarded Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in
Paris in February 15, 1892
Gay Paris
 In 1885, after completing his studies, he went to live in Paris for
his specialization in ophthalmology
 He worked for Dr. Louis de Weckert from November 1885 to
February 1886
 Usually, he visits his friends such as Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
and Juan Luna
 “The Death of Cleopatra”
Germany
 On February 3, 1886, he arrived at Heidelberg
 He lived in a boarding house and was a member of the Chess
Player’s club
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of
Dr. Otto Becker and attended the lectures of Doctor Becker and
Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university.
 Afterward, Rizal settled in Wilhelmsfeld, at the pastoral house
of Dr. Karl Ullmer
 On July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter in German to
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt
 “Aritmetica” Spanish - Tagalog book
 On August 14, 1886, he arrived at Leipzig
 Befriended Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a famous German
historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German anthropologist
 Left Leipzig to set course on Dresden on October 29, 1886
  There, he met Dr. Adolph Meyer
 In November 1886, he left Leipzig to go in Berlin
 Maximo Viola helped him publish his famous novel, Noli Me
Tangere
 During the printing of Noli, a German police went to Rizal’s
boarding house
 On March 21, 1887, Noli Me Tangere finally came off the
printing press
Grand Europe Tour
 After receiving 1,000 pesos from Paciano, he paid Viola 300
pesos
 At dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train to
go at Dresden
 1:30 pm of May 13, the train with Rizal and Viola on board
arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz, Bohemia
 Blumentritt became their tour guide and introduced Rizal to two
scientists: Dr. Carlos Czepelak and Professor Robert Klutschak
 On May 16, they Leitmeritz for Prague
 In there, they visited the tomb of Copernicus and famous cave
where San Juan Nepomuceno was imprisoned
 On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful Vienna and
stayed at Hotel Metropole
 They presented a letter of recommendation, from Blumentritt, to
Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe during that
time
 On May 25, they left Vienne on a river boat to see the beautiful
sights of the Danube River
 The river voyage ended in Lintz. They then traveled overland to
Salzburg, and then to Munich, next was Nuremberg, and then to
Ulm
 From Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and then Rheinfall
 From Rheinfall, they crossed the frontier to Schaffhausen,
Switzerland
 They stayed at Switzerland from June 2 to 3 1887
 They then visited Geneva (Swiss City)
 On June 19, 1887, it was Rizal’s 26th birthday so he treated Viola
 On June 23, they parted ways
 Madrid Exposition happened
 Rizal then went to Italy, arriving at Rome on June 27, 1887
 Thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal City, also
called as “City of the Caesars”
 In June 29th, Rizal visited the Vatican, the “City of the Popes”
and the capital Christendom
FIRST HOMECOMING
 From a French port in Mersailles, he boarded the steamer
“Djemnah” on July 3, 1887 and reached the Saigon on 30th
 On August 8, he returned to Calamba
 He was dubbed as “German Doctor” or “Doctor Uliman”
 Rizal was summoned by Governor-General Emilio Terrero, but
later on assigned a bodyguard to him, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade
 In December 1887, the Calamba folks ask his assistance regarding
to the hacienda management
 Rizal’s Second Trip Abroad In Japan

In Hong Kong  The Land of Cherry Blossom

 Hong Kong and Macau (February 3, 1888)  Rizal arrived at Yokohama on February 28, 1888

 Rizal left the Philippines half-sick and disillusioned  He stayed at the Grand Hotel (Hotel Grande)

 Zafiro - the vessel he ride on  The next day he went to Tokyo and stayed there from March 2-7

 The vessel arrived in Amoy (Xiamen), China but Rizal did not
land because of his frail health, the city’s rainy weather and the
report that the city was dirty.
 While in Hong Kong, he met Jose Ma. Basa and Balbino Maurico
and Maurico Yriarte who were former exiles from the Philippines
because of the events in 1972.
 Sainza de Veranda - a former Secretary of Gov. Terrero that spied
Rizal while was in Hong Kong
 Feb 18 Rizal and Basa went to Macau, rode on a vessel called Kiu-
Kiang
 Rizal also visited neighboring MAcau where he stayed from
February 18-20
 He studied the Chinese way of life. Jose Rizal observed the
following:
- The Chinese New Year
- Chinese theaters
- The Marathon Lauriat Party
- The richest order in Hong Kong, The Dominicans
- The cemeteries in Hong Kong
 February 22, 1888, Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic
 Later he moved over to the Spanish legation on invitation of its
secretary, Juan Perez Caballero. He accepted the invitation since
staying with the Spaniards would save him money and he believed
that he had nothing to hide from them.
 Rizal was impressed of Japan’s culture:
- The beauty of country (plants, flowers, gardens,
mountains, rivers)
- Kimono
- Hospitality
- Gift-giving
- Politeness thru bowing
- Few beggars on the street; few thieves
- Clean houses
- The Japanese are happy and industrious people
 Rizal took time to learn the language and customs of Japan. He
was embarrassed because he looked like a Japanese but could not
speak Japanese
Seiko Usui
 Daughter of a former Samurai who became a proprietor of a
bazaar in Tokyo
 She was a cultured woman who worked at the Spanish consulate

 Rizal’s love for O-Sei-San made him almost change his mind
 Rizal left Yokohama on April 13, 1888 on board the steamer
Belgic bound for the USA. There he met Techo Suehiro.
SAIL TO THE WEST
United States of America
 Rizal boarded the English vessel, Belgic on April 18, 1888
 Rizal reached San Francisco on April 28, 1888
 Dubbed America as “a motherland for the poor who wish to
work.”
 He described America as a great country, but it has many defects,
too. They do not have real civil liberty.
 When he was asked by Jose Alejandro about his impression of the
country, he stated: “America is the land par excellence of freedom
but only for the whites.”
 They experienced discrimination in America upon arrival for they
weren’t allowed to disembark. Chinese passengers were even
quarantined much longer on board.
 Rizal arrived in New York on May 13, 1888
 He called New York “the Big Town”
 Rizal’s impression about America:
Positive
 America is a land of great opportunity especially for
immigrants
 It has a huge farms and factories
 It has natural beauty
 It has a high standard of living
Negative
 Rizal complained about the racial prejudice of the Americans
which was inconsistent with its principle of liberty, freedom,
and democracy.
 A colored man cannot marry a white man
 There were hatred against the Chinese
 He left New York on May 16, 1888 and arrived in Liverpool on
May 24, 1888 and stayed there for a day before moving to London
where he stayed as a guest in the house of Antonio Ma. Regidor
IN GREAT BRITAIN, PARIS, AND SPAIN
London
 He lived in London from May 1888 - March 1889. He chose it for
3 reasons:
- To improve his knowledge on English
- To study Dr. Antonio de Morga’s book Succesos de Las Islas
Filipinas, which is found in the British Museum
- London was safe from the Spaniards
 He worked in the British Museum Library, studied, copied, and
published Morga’s book
 He stayed as a guest of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
 By May, he moved to a boarding house owned by the Beckett
family
 Because he was an excellent linguist, he became good friends with
Dr. Reinhold Rost, a Sanskrit scholar, the greatest scholar of that
century. He even spent time with him.
 Rost was impressed with his manner and called him Una Perla de
Hombre or Pearl of a Man
 February 15, 1889, Jaena founded the newspaper, La Solidaridad
 - Rizal’s first article - Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino
Farmers)
- Pen names: Dimas Alang, Laong Laan
- He wrote a pamphlet against Fray Rodriguez, “La Visión del
Fray Rodriguez”
 Other Works:
- Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
- Specimen of Tagal Folklore and Two Eastern Fables
 He left London on March 19, 1889
In France
 Rizal stayed shortly with Valentin Ventura.
 Rizal Frequented the Bibliotheque Nationale, working on his
annotation of the Sucesos.
 He was fascinated by the Universal Exposition, especially the
Eiffel Tower - May 6, 1889
 Rizal organized the Kidlat Club that brought Filipinos together
witnessing the exposition.
 Indios Bravos - an association which envisioned Filipinos being
recognized for their admirable skills in many fields.
 Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt - headed the organization called the
International Association of Filipinologists
 He wrote again another satire entitled Por Telefono, as a reply to
Fr. Salvador Font, his slanderer
 Rizal formed the Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the
Malays).
Life in Belgium
 Earlier of 1890
 Rizal left Paris for Brussels
 Later of 1890
 In Brussels, stayed in a boarding house managed by the
Jacoby sisters.
 He worked on chapters of El Filibusterismo and wrote
articles for La Solidaridad.
 1891
 Rizal moved to Ghent after a few months in Brussels in
search of cheaper printing services.
 Articles Published in La Solidaridad
 “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa), April 30, 1889.
 “La verdad Para Todos” ( The Truth For All), May 31,
1889.
 “Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo,” June 15, 1889
 “Una Profanacion” (A Profanation), July 31, 1889
 “Verdades Nuevas” (New Truths), July 31, 1889
 “Crueldad” (Cruelty), August 15, 1889
 “Differencias” (Differences), September 15, 1889
 “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences), November 30, 1889
 “Llanto y Risas” (Tears and Laughters), November 30,
1889
  “Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude), January 15, 1890  Calle de la Visitacion 8, c/-Fernandez y Gonzales 8, planta 3,
puerta num.
 Pen Names: Dimas Alang and Laong Laan  Calle de San Miguel 7. (now Gran Via 22).
 Calle Bano 15.
 Calamba Agrarian
 Calle Pizarro 13, 20
“Where are you now? Do you think of me once in a while? I am  Calle de Atochia 43.
reminded of our tender conversations, reading your letter, although it is  Calle Cedaros 11
cold and indifferent. Here in your letter I have something which makes  Calle de Echegaray, 17
up for your absence. How pleased I would be to follow you, to travel  La Epoca
with you who are always in my thoughts. You wish me all kinds of  Love Triangle with Antonio Luna
luck, but forget that in the absence of a beloved one a tender heart  Rizal and his fellow expatriates used to congregate here where
cannot feel happy. A thousand things serve to distract your mind, my they conducted rallies and lobbied for the “Filipinos’ rights to
friend; but in my case, I am sad, lonely, always alone with my thoughts autonomy and for equal rights with Spanish citizens.”
-- nothing, absolutely nothing relieves my sorrow. Are you coming  Rizalistas vs. the Pilarista
back? That's what I want and desire most ardently -- you cannot refuse
me. I do not despair and I limit myself to murmuring against time Biatriz, Paris, Brussels
which runs so fast when it carries us toward a separation, but goes so
 February 1891
slowly when it's bringing us together again. I feel very unhappy
 From Biarritz, Rizal wrote to Mariano Ponce in Madrid that he
thinking that perhaps I might never see you again. Goodbye! You know
was too occupied and could not send articles for La
with one word you can make me very happy. Aren't you going to write
Solidaridad. He offered his services of answering the attacks
to me?"
hurled against them in case Marcelo H. del Pilar and Antonio
Luna could not answer.
 Madrid
 March 29, 1891
 1890
 Traveled to Madrid  He finished writing his book El Filibusterismo. He planned,
however, to revise some chapters.
 1882
 He took courses in medicine at Universidad Central de Madrid  A FAILED PROPOSAL
as well as painting at Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San  1891
 Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and friendly Bousteads
Fernando in Calle Alcala.
and proceeded to Paris by train.
 October 2, 1882
 Rizal decided to go to Paris to specialize in ophthalmology
Paris and Brussels
 In this Madrid house, Rizal lived with Vicente Gonzalez, an old
friend from his Ateneo de Manila days and a guy whom he  April 1891
fondly called Marques de Pagong.  Valentin Ventura
 According to Gregorio Brilliantes, “from 1882 to 1885 and  When Rizal came back to Brussels, he again stayed in the
during his second shortest stay in Madrid, in 1890-91, he lived Jacoby home but not for Suzanne. What was his main activity
in at least nine boarding houses, hostels or residences.” during that time?
 Amor de Dios 13-15  April 4, 1891
  Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from  March 21
Paris, expressing his desire to go to that British colony and  Pepe asked Governor-General Eulogio Despujol, allow the
practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living land less Filipinos, to establish themselves in North Borneo.
 In April 1892, Rizal came back to Hong Kong and left on June 21,
1892 along with Sis Lucia.

Brussels SECOND HOMECOMING

 End of May 1891  June 26, 1892

 Rizal revised and prepared for printing his second novel  Arrived at Manila with his sister.
 June 1891  June 27
 June 13, 1891  He took a train and visited his friends in Central Luzon
 Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating with a printing  June 28
firm  He returned to Manila
 June 29, 30, and July 3
In Ghent  Encouraged and had interviews with Despujol
 Evening of July 3
 Arrived at Ghent in July 1891  Meeting in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco on Ylaya Street,
 Jose Alejandro Tondo, Manila.
 September 18, 1891  Pepe explained civic association La Liga Filipina
 F. Meyer, Van Loo at No. 66 Vlanderestraat.  3 days after the meeting
 He published the El Fili  Rizal was arrested while interviewing the governor-general.
 Pobres Frailes
Hong Kong
 July 14 at 12:30 am
 Hong Kong  Rizal brought to the steamer "Cebu"
 October 1891  Evening of July 17
 He left Europe and used a ship onboard "Melbourne"  Dapitan in Zamboanga del Norte
 November 20 1981  Ricardo Carnicero
 Rednaxela Terrace, No. 5 D’Aguilar Street
 Don Francisco, Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo arrived in Hong
Kong
 Dona Teodora and Lucia, Josefa, and Trinidad, had a short
family reunion in Yuletide Season of 1891
 ophthalmic surgeon and called him “the Spanish doctor”

Sandakan

 March 1982
 Menon to negotiate with British authorities.