GEC 19 | LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL
(CHAPTER 2: THE 19TH CENTURY)
MODE OF QUIZ:
 IDENTIFICATION (1-10)
 ESSAY (11-20)
TERMINOLOGIES
 HACIENDEROS – land
owners, particularly
Spaniards.
 INDIOS – native filipino,
particularly indigenous
people.
 ILLUSTRADOS – known as the “Galleon Trade.”
belonging to wealthy
people.
 FARMERS – people who
cultivate crops.
 PACTO DE RETROVENZA
- an agreement of sale
guaranteeing that the
landowner could buy the
land back at the same price
at which it was sold.
 POLO Y SERVICIO – to do
forced service.
OVERVIEW
The nineteenth century is considered
the birth of modern life, more so, the
birth of many nation-states all over the
world. For us to understand what Dr.
Rizal have done during the nineteenth
century, let us look the different
developments and accomplishments
on that period that changed and
shaped the landscape of the
Philippines’ economy, society and
politics.
The Revolutions
 The Spanish government
continued trade relations with
said countries and Manila
became the center of
commerce in the East. The
Philippines, allegedly a Spanish
colony, was then governed from
Mexico and in 1565, the
Spaniards closed the ports of
Manila to all countries except
Mexico. Hence, the birth of the
Manila-Acapulco Trade, more
 The Galleon Trade was a
government monopoly. It was a
ship (“galleon”) trade going
back and forth between Manila
and Acapulco in Mexico.
 The first among the revolutions
was the Industrial Revolution,
which was about The inventions
of steam engines and machines
that were used in the
manufacturing sector in different
cities of Europe. This revolution
was considered as one of the
most significant developments
in the 19 th century — from
being a country that relied on
machines and wage labor,
Europe’s economic status totally
changed.
The End of Galleon Trade
By 1810, the end of Galleon trade
transpired because of the loss of Latin
American colonies brought by the
Mexican War of Independence from
the Spanish empire.
 GEC 19 | LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL
(CHAPTER 2: THE 19TH CENTURY)
Railways, Steamships and
Suez Canal
In this period, railways and
steamships, suez canal were
constructed for safer, faster and
comfortable means of transportation
and communication.
 The construction of bridges,
most especially, the opening of
the Suez Canal provided a
shorter route for trades.
 Built by Ferdinand de Lesseps,
a French man.
 The opening of the Suez Canal
for world shipping took place on
November 17, 1860.
Cash Crops
Through the cash crops, the Philippine
economy began to flourish. Majority of
the export income of the Philippines
during the nineteenth century came
from the cash crops from tobacco,
sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca and
coffee, making it the major source of
revenue in the country. This also
concludes the importance of having
lands at that time.
Social Status in the
Society
Accordingly, the increasing
population of the mestizos
prompted the emergence of the
following social status in the
society:
 1st Peninsulares (pure-
blooded Spaniard born in
the Iberian Peninsula such
as Spain)
 2nd Insulares (pure-
blooded Spaniard born in
the Philippines)
 3rd Spanish Mestizo (one
parent is Spanish, the other
is a native or Chinese
Mestizo; or one parent is
Chinese, the other is a
native)
 4th Principalia (wealthy
pure-blooded native
supposedly descended
from the kadatoan class)
 5th Indio (pure-blooded
native of the Philippines or
the Filipinos)
 6th Chino Infiel (non-
Catholic pure blooded
Chinese)
Educational Decree of 1863
Requiring each town in the
Philippines to establish one
elementary school for boys and
one elementary for girls. This
was because it was required,
at that time, that Spanish be
the main language in all
schools.