Life and Works of Rizal

Midterm Reviewer | Mi Maxi

Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
Module 1 The Rizal Law ( RA 1425)

Proposed by senator Claro M. Recto in 1956
Received opposition from the Catholic Church and recto
was dubbed as communist.
The Rizal Bill became the Republic Act no. 1425, known
as the “Rizal Law”. The full name of the law is:
“An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private
Schools, Colleges, and Universities Courses on the Life, Works and
Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof,
and for Other Purposes.”
The first section of the law concerns mandating the
students to read Rizal’s novels. The last two sections
Between 1820 and 1870, the Philippines developed an
export crop economy. Products such as sugar, Manila
hemp (abaca), and coffee were produced in foreign
markets while imported goods of the European factory
industry found their way into many parts of the
Philippines.
Provided many opportunities for the expanding
Chinese population.
Chinese distributed imports and buy up goods for
exports for the European and American merchants
Monopolies

involve making Rizal’s writings accessible to the general

public
Republic Act No. 229 is an act prohibiting cockfighting,
horse racing, and jai alai on the thirtieth day of
December of each year and creating a committee to take
charge of the proper celebration of Rizal day
Module 2 Rizal and Theory of
Nationalism
Benedict Anderson defined the nation as a fabrication, a
bond between people who did actually exist prior to its
own recognition. "an imagined community"
Noli Me Tangere and El filibusterismo emerged as the
founding texts of Philippine Nationalism.
Module 3 Rizal in the 19th Century
In 1840’s, the Spanish government had legalized the
use of opium (limited to Chinese)
Monopolies of special crops and items, such as
spirituous liquors, betel nut, tobacco, and explosives.
On March 1, 1972, Governor General Jose Basco placed
the Philippine tobacco industry under government
control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.
The province of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos
Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and
Marinduque planted nothing but tobacco and sold their
produce only to the government.
The monopoly brought about food shortages since the
planting of basic crops like rice was somewhat
neglected and abandoned.
The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished in 1882.

As Jose Rizal was and grew up in the 19th century, to SOCIAL CONTEXT
contextualize him ---so as to understand his life, Education in 19th Century
thoughts, and works--- is to understand the social and Schools were established and run by Catholic
political context of that century. missionaries.
Converted the natives to Catholic and make them
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
obedient, making religion a compulsory subject at all
End of Galleon Trade
levels.
It was a ship (galleon) trade going back and forth
Laws of the Indies - Mandated Spanish authorities in
between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico.
the Philippines to educate the locals, teach them how
The Manila Galleon Trade allowed modern, liberal ideas
to read and write, and to learn Spanish.
to enter the Philippines
Missionaries did not seriously teach them fearing that
On September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade ended with
the Indios would become turn out to be their co-equal.
Mexico’s war of independence.
Boys and girls studied in separate schools.
Previously, the Philippines was governed by Spain from
The subject taught to college students included history,
Mexico. The Spanish Crown took direct control of the
Latin, geography, mathematics, and philosophy.
Philippines and administered it directly from Madrid.
It was only in the 19th century that universities started

accepting native Filipinos.

Opening of Suez Canal
As a result of the growing number of educated natives,
An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, the Suez Canal
a new social class emerged, known as the Ilustrados.
connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through

the Isthmus of Suez.

The Rise of Inquilinos
Constructed by Suez Canal Company between 1859 and
Inquilinos - a qualified system of tenancy, or the right
1869 under the leadership of French diplomat Ferdinand
to use land in exchange for rent.
de Lesseps, it opened on November 17, 1869
All about boundaries, estate, rent, communal lands
The Suez Canal expedited the importation
Encouraged Rizal and other Illustrados to study abroad
The voyage from Barcelona was lessened to only 32 to 40
days from more than 3 months
POLITICAL CONTEXT
Liberalism
a worldview founded on the ideas of freedom and
equality. It includes a wide range of political philosophies
that consider individual liberty to be the most significant
political goal
Started by French Revolution, its battle cry Having
‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” causes political
disturbances in the Politics of Spain
Such ideas reached the Illustrados through Suez Canal
The Impact of Bourbon Reforms
An attempt to curb contraband commerce, regain
control over transatlantic trade, curtail the church's
power, modernize state finances
Have little to no effect on Philippines because of its
distance causing no supervision of whether the policies Siblings
are being implemented
It gave people, especially the natives in the Philippines,
the idea that colonization could be done without much
intervention from the Catholic Church.
The Cadiz Constitution
During the Napoleonic (France)occupation of Spain,
liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in March 3. Narcisa Rizal - Helped in financing Rizal’s studies in
1812
This new Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a universal
character as it included everyone from overseas, like the 4. Olympia Rizal - Jose’s first love, Segunda Katigbak, was
Italian kingdoms and even the Philippines.
It established the principles of universal male suffrage, 5. Lucia Rizal - Fifth child of the Rizal family. She married
national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and
freedom of the press, and advocated land reform and
free enterprises.
It grants all its colonies representation as provinces in
Spanish cortes through deputies chosen by the various 7. Jose Rizal
capital cities.
Don Ventura de los Reyes, a wealthy merchant and
member of the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, was
voted as the deputy.
Declared invalid when King Fernando VII took back Spain
from France.
Module 4 The Ascendance of the
Chinese Mestizo
The expulsion of Chinese immigrants in the Philippines
enabled the Chinese mestizo to take over the markets.
Chinese mestizos monopolized internal trading while the
Spanish mestizos gave way to the emergence of the
Philippine middle class
Chinese mestizos shared grievances with the Indios
The Philippine Revolution of 1896 to 1898 was the act of
determination of Filipinos – Indios and Chinese mestizos
alike.
Module 5 Family, Childhood, and Early
Education of Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda was born
on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna.
The seventh son of eleven children born to a relatively
well-off family in a Dominican-owned tenant land in
Calamba, Laguna,
Parents
Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado - A productive farmer
from Biñan, Laguna. An educated man as he took Latin
and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila,
where he met and fell in love with Teodora Alonzo
Teodora Alonzo Realonda - •Also known as “Lolay”, was
born on November 8, 1926 in Sta. Cruz, Manila. Studied in
College of Sta. Rosa.
1. Saturnina Rizal - The eldest child, Provided young Jose
Rizal with basic education. Studied at La Concordia
College in Manila.
2. Paciano Rizal - Jose’s only brother. Studied in San Jose
College in Manila. General of the revolutionary forces
and elected as secretary of finance in the Department
Government of Central Luzon.
Europe.It was said she could recite from memory almost
all of the poems of our national hero.
Olympia’s schoolmate at La Concordia College.
Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, Laguna. Charged with
inciting the Calamba townsfolk not to pay land rent
6. Maria Rizal - Her granddaughter was Gemma Cruz
Araneta, the first Filipina to win Miss International title.
8. Concepcion Rizal - •She died at the age of three. The
young Pepe loved most the little "Concha" who was a
year younger than he.
9. Josefa Rizal - She was one of the original 29 women
admitted to the Katipunan along with Gregoria de Jesus.
They safeguarded the secret papers and documents of
the society
10. Trinidad Rizal - She became the custodian of Rizal’s last
and greatest poem. Like Josefa, Paciano, and two nieces,
Trinidad joined the Katipunan after Jose’s death.
11. Soledad Rizal - A teacher, arguably the best-educated
among Rizal’s sisters. "Choleng’s" union with Pantaleon
Quintero (hero who could have been listed as the second
Philippines President, take over the government after
Emilio Aguinaldo’s arrest).
 Module 6 Agrarian Relations and the Module 7 Intraclergy Conflicts and the
Friar Lands Cavite Mutiny
Cavite Mutiny
History of the Friars Lands
The Cavite mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino
Spanish conquistadors (sanctioned pirates) were
military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish
awarded lands in the form of haciendas for their loyalty
arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands on 20 January 1872.
to the Spanish crown.
Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and
Large tracts of land are called sitio de Ganado mayor
laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a
and smaller tracts are called caballerias.
national uprising.
The hacienderos, failed to develop their lands. One
A failed uprising against the Spaniards resulted in
reason is that Spaniards were not expected to
disarmed, imprisoned, and dead Filipino soldiers. Those
permanently stay in the Philippines.
who were suspected to be involved in the mutiny were
The Spanish friars were able to acquire land through
also arrested and executed, The Spanish authorities and
whatever means available to them. According to source,
the friars used the mutiny to implicate the three secular
lands were donated to the friars in exchange for spiritual
priests- Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
favors.
Zamora, collectively known as GOMBURZA
This event had a personal impact on Rizal and his family
Hacienda de Calamba Dispute
since Burgos was a personal friend of his brother,
The Hacienda de Calamba was originally owned by
Paciano.
Spaniards who donated the land to Jesuit friars to allow

him to permanently stay in the Jesuit monastery.

After the Jesuit were expelled from the Philippines, the
haciendas went into the possession of the Spanish
colonial government.
In 1803, the land was sold to Don Clemente de Azansa
After his death. It was eventually sold to the Dominicans
who claimed ownership of the hacienda until late 19th
century.
Rizal’s family became one of the principal inquilinos
(renters) of the hacienda. They rented one of the largest
leased parcels of land measuring approximately 380
hectares. The main crop was sugarcane.
When conflicts on land ownership in the hacienda arose
in 1883, the family evidently suffered.