ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

Assessing the Current Status of the Kapampangan Language

By: Steffanie Phoebe Castro & Joyce Denise Mercado

BSA I – Penafrancia

In Partial Fulfillment
For the Requirements in
Readings in Philippine History
December 2020
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

1. INTRODUCTION

Language is found everywhere. It has been an essential part of everyday life that

enables people to communicate and understand one another. According to Rabiah,

(2012) language is used as a tool for communication that conveys thoughts, ideas,

concepts, or feelings. It can be in the form of oral or written. Sirbu (2015) also added that

communication is vital between people which traces the importance of language as an

important tool for communication. But, Kephart (2005) stated that language is not just a

communication system but also a representational system. It provides people with

symbols that people need.

“Language plays a large role in culture and societal development. We use the

language every day in many ways and to meet countless different needs.” (Olaifa, 2014)

A very important role is also played by the language in terms of preserving the culture,

traditions, and heritage of a particular country. Through the use of language, the

forefathers were able to pass down the rich culture, heritage, and traditions to different

generations which keeps them alive. For without the language, a part of culture also dies.

Language is constantly changing. It evolves and adapts according to the needs of

people. Grammar, pronunciation, or even new words are developed easily in this modern

era. The dynamic for language learning is transformed as it is passed from one generation

to another. Some speakers are bilingual in which the words or sentences they construct

are being mixed with two languages. In terms of pronunciation, it may differ depending

on the person’s accent. While old words acquire new meanings.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

One of the most popular and well-spoken languages in the Philippines is the

Kapampangan. “Kapampangan is an Austronesian language of the Philippine type.”

(Forman, 1971) “Kapampangan (Pampangan) is spoken mainly in Pampanga Province

and parts of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Bataan provinces of Luzon, the

Philippines. It is one of the largest languages in the Philippines” (Keith Brown, 2009) with

approximately 2 million speakers according to the National Census and Statistics Office

in 2003. “The choice of metaphor “amanung sisuan” to describe the language is justified

by the self-reliant and healthy culture nurtured by the Kapampangan verbal artists.”

(Mallari, 2011) It has been widely used in literature since the ruling of the Spanish

colonizers wherein its grammar was studied. It is also used as the language of native

speakers to communicate with the locals and in different forms of media. With the

implementation of the K-12 program, it was also used in school as a medium of instruction

in different subjects.

“It is important for any human society to prevent its languages from becoming

unknown. This is because language is the most important part of society. It enables

people to communicate, and it also sustains a vulnerable aspect of culture.” (Olaifa, 2014)

Although there is a large population of Kapampangan speakers, the fact that the language

is in a crucial state cannot be denied. Most people in the current generation do not speak

the native language which is a sign that it is endangered.

The study aims to identify where the Kapampangan Language is used as a

medium and how it evolved through the years which will lead to the assessment of the

current status of the Kapampangan language.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

2. KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM

This section will tackle the different areas in which the Kapampangan

Language is used as a medium. It will be divided into several categories to facilitate

the discussions of each topic properly.

2.1 Verbal Communication

According to the National Census and Statistics Office in 2003, the

Kapampangan Language is spoken by approximately 2 million people living in

Pampanga and nearby provinces. Most people in the said areas use

Kapampangan to communicate whether they are at home, work, shopping

malls or even at school.

Although there is a large population of speakers, there are still some

circumstances which hinders the continuous growth of the language. Every

day, Kapampangans are surrounded by native and non-native speakers. As

they are bilingual or multilingual, whenever people coming from different places

visit for a tour, they tend to be the ones to adjust to facilitate a better

understanding. They speak other languages to accommodate the questions or

even engage in a conversation as part of the hospitality trait possessed by each

Filipino citizen.

Some portions of the said areas which are highly influenced by the

nearby cities, do not speak the language. Although people become familiar for

a period of time, they are having difficulties in using the language as a medium

for communication.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

Every day, Kapampangan communicate using their Mother Tongue

Language. Despite that fact, although it is used as a medium of communication

there are also things which hinders its continuous usage.

2.2 At Home

Families living in Pampanga and nearby areas are known to be native

speakers of the Kapampangan. The ancestors taught their children the

language with the hope of letting it flourish in the succeeding generations.

Although there are still some who are familiar and are using the language,

modernization made a significant impact to the perspectives of others.

In the modern day where language became one of the most important

things anyone could possess, some people became more careful with choosing

the language which will be taught to their children.

Not all families teach their children the Mother Tongue Language. Upon

being highly influenced by the society’s standards and modernization, parents

are encouraged to teach their children national languages. In result, their

children become fluent with other languages while their mother tongue

language is being left behind. It is because parents nowadays believe that their

children will have a good standing and impression in the society if they speak

English or other languages fluently.

Some families still prefer to teach their children the Kapampangan

language but there are also some who choose to let their children bear

languages of others which they think will bring more benefits to them.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

2.3 At School

The K-12 Program which was implemented in the school year 2012-

2013 became an advantage for the Kapampangan Language. The curriculum

consists of the subject entitled “Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education”

which refers to the “first-language-first”. Its purpose is to teach students who

are not familiar with their language or dialect to speak or to understand. Also,

it makes the interaction between the students and teachers smooth.

The old curriculum consists of subjects in which Filipino and English are

the medium of instructions. In result, children tend to become familiar with the

said languages since they are widely used. But, with the implementation of the

K-12 curriculum, they will be able to learn their Mother Tongue. There are also

some schools which use Filipino language for the Mother Tongue Based

subject in the said areas which is another dilemma.

There is a big adjustment between the teachers and students since up

until now, they are still having a hard time with the usage of Kapampangan

Language in school. There are words in which both of them are foreign. There

are also times when some children are not exposed to the language itself

beforehand.

Even though the Kapampangan Language is used in school, there is still

a serious threat to it because not all children are familiar and willing to learn the

Mother Tongue language due to some circumstances.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

2.4 At Work

For small establishments, sari-sari stores, and other places which are

owned by native Kapampangans, the language is frequently used. But for some

workplaces who have clients who are city or even foreign-based, they are

prohibited from speaking the Kapampangan Language. Instead, they are using

either Filipino or English to meet the clients’ needs or inquiries.

This is another reason why the Kapampangan Language is not widely

used even though people are in their hometown or city.

2.5 Religion

Most Catholic and Methodist churches use the Kapampangan Language

in delivering masses. It is because people have in depth comprehension with

the native language as compared to others. Before, most of the masses were

preceded in Kapampangan. But as time passed by, they had to adapt to the

present. Masses in Kapampangan language became less because most

people in the current generation are having a hard time to understand the

homily in Kapampangan. Priests tend to facilitate masses in English or Filipino

Language. As for other religions such as Iglesia ni Kristo, Born Again Christian

Churches and others, their main medium is either in Filipino or English.

Kapampangan Language application in masses became less which is

an evidence that most people in the current generation are more fluent in other

languages.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

2.6 Media

On the television, TV Patrol Pampanga became in existence for almost

thirteen years. At first glance, one would think that the Kapampangan

Language continuously flourishes because of that. But, upon the evaluation of

experts, instead of being enriched the language itself is being damaged. Some

headlines are grammatically incorrect while other words are replaced with

Filipino vocabularies.

In the social media platforms, it is used by netizens to express their

thoughts and feelings in particular issues. There are also blog posts and vlogs

that use the Kapampangan as their medium.

One would think that the Kapampangan Language is doing well because

some users use the language in broadcast media and the internet. But the

truth is instead of being enriched, it is being damaged because of its improper

usage and application.

2.7 Literature

The pre-colonial literature of Pampanga consists of myths, legends,

riddles, proverbs, busueto, tumaila and popular folk songs. The people in the

early civilization were already creating various forms of literature which are

being enriched through the salin-dila.

“The people’s earliest civilization delighted in the highly rhythmic oral

patterns of their folklore. For instance, their kasebyan (proverbs) and bugtong

(riddles), both in versified forms, were the inherent aspect of their social life,
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

the first being didactic and instructive, and the second recreational. Values

were encoded, preserved and transmitted by these linguistic constructs.

Folksongs, on the other hand, were plain and direct, communicating simple

sentiment, thought and feeling. Verbal jousts such as Karagatan, an ancient

poetic game and Bulaklakan were performed during funeral wakes to offer

prayers for the soul of the deceased and to comfort or mitigate the pain being

experienced by the bereaved family.” (Mallari, 2011)

When the Spaniards ruled the Philippines, different aspects were added

and changed. The Spanish Colonizers introduced the form and content of

foreign texts which were gladly embraced by the Kapampangans. It resulted in

the rebirth of Kapampangan Literature which led to the progression of the

movement of its history. Kumidya and Zarzuela are just some of the literary

forms which were introduced.

“When the Spaniards conquered Pampanga during the 16th century, the

Kapampangans cultural transformation inevitably took place. The civilizing

mission of the conquerors began its imposition of what was reckoned as

cultural supremacy. Thus, began the cultural hybridization process as the

Kapampangans allowed their verbal art to have a simple-hearted welcome for

an alien counterpart. Given the linguistic-cultural matrix shaped by folk wisdom

and mentality, the literature brought by the Spaniards easily broke open the

core of the native literary ground. Thus, religious items, metrical romances,

corrido, comedia, zarzuela, etc., were adopted and embodied into the native’s

own repertoire.” (Mallari, 2011)

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

Although the notable works were written in Kapampangan, the works

can trace history in which the colonization dominated. The Kapampangan

Literature has published numerous notable works which tackles different

aspects of the Kapampangan History, Culture, Traditions and Heritage. A

Center for Kapampangan Studies resides in the Holy Angel University where

they are preserved for further research.

“A proper documentation and preservation of language will not only help

the language from death, but also help in the retention of its cultural diversity.

The library plays a key role in human’s ability to record his thoughts,

experience, history, culture and heritage in his language and to make it

available to others.” (Olaifa, 2014)

Despite the fact that the Kapampangan Literature is rich, most people in

the current generation are not familiar with the language. It stops the progress

of Kapampangan Language and Literature to keep on being enriched.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

3. KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE THROUGH THE YEARS

In this section, the researchers will be discussing the Kapampangan

Language and changes that is happening throughout the years. This section will

be divided into different periods where the Kapampangan Language started and

how it is going until now.

3.1 Spanish Period

During the 16th century, Augustinian missionaries attempted to study

the Kapampangan Language including its writing system. In 1699, according

to Martin Marcilla, Alvaro de Benavente (a Spanish friar) continued studying

the Language and the Writing System of Kapampangan. The Kapampangan

Language was very prominent during the Spanish Period. Many were

interested about the Language and the Writing System of it.

For more than 300 years of Spanish Colonization, the Kapampangan

Language had been written in the Romanized orthographic system that was

introduced by the Spaniards. Due to the large number of Kapampangan

masterpieces which were written in the Romanized orthographic system, the

Kapampangans separated the writing system and colonialism of the Spain and

considered the orthography as “Tutung Kapampangan” or also known as

“Genuine Kapampangan.”

According to Manlapaz (1981), The Kapampangan Literature has been

established and its grammar was studied in the 1580’s by Spanish colonizers.).

Spanish Period was the time where Kapampangan Literatures were very
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

popular. A lot of artists became invested in the Kapampangan Language.

Kapampangan Literatures were produced in Baculud, today known as Bacolor.

During the Spanish Colonial, Baculud was the center of arts and letters. There

were writers from Baculud that achieved a major status in the history of

Kapampangan Literature. The Spanish period was the time when the

Kapampangan Language was greatly affected by Spaniards specifically some

words that were really the same in Spanish.

3.2 American Period

During the American Colonization, education became more accessible

to the Filipinos. Americans saw that education was a powerful weapon to give

opportunities in the career, government service and politics given in English.

Gonzales (2006) stated that President McKinley ordered the use of English

Language because the Americans thought that the Philippines had many

languages and it was difficult to learn them, thus they created a monolingual

system in English. According to Manhit, those students who speak in their

mother tongue within the school premises will be punished. All media

instructions and learning materials were given in English. Also, the teachers

during that time were trained to speak and teach in English. Therefore, the

Kapampangan Language was not emphasized during the American Period

even though Americans were based in Pampanga.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

3.3 Japanese Period (1941-1945)

As stated by Michael L. Forman (1971), informants in their forties

indicated that the Japanese occupation became the turning point of the

Kapampangan in speaking in Tagalog. During the Japanese Colonization, the

Philippine Literature written in Filipino became a thing. This was because the

Japanese prohibited the usage of English in any forms. There were artists such

as Juan Laya who used English in writing and changed it to Filipino because of

the rule implemented by Japan colonizers. It was said that many Kapampangan

were taught and learned the Tagalog, this became the reason why other

Kapampangan were used in speaking in Tagalog rather than their mother

tongue.

3.4 Contemporary Period (1945 - present)

In 1991, the Kapampangan’s sense of self and identity had been

awakened due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption. After the eruption, most of the

Kapampangan had been interested again in the Kapampangan language and

history of it. There are blogs and discussions that can be found on the internet

that use Kapampangan Language. Kapampangan art groups and exhibits had

been organized. There are also schools that started to offer courses about

Kapampangan culture and also Kapampangan studies that can be found in

Angeles City. However, despite having a large population and well-improved

literature and media, there is still a sign of endangerment in Kapampangan

Language (Pangilinan, 2009).

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

According to Forman (1971), the difference of speaking in

Kapampangan Language in age levels were noticeable. The adults ages 30

and above seem to speak Tagalog and do not affect their way of speaking in

Kapampangan while the teenagers speak Tagalog fluently but have a bad

quality in speaking of Kapampangan.

In the 1990’s, the Kapampangan parents started talking to their children

in Tagalog rather than the mother tongue. The younger generation was no

longer being taught on how to speak in Kapampangan (Pangilinan, 2009) In

addition, one reason that affected the status of Kapampangan Language was

the replacement of some words in Kapampangan by Tagalog words. Due to

the dominance of Tagalog Language, it resulted in the replacement of words in

Kapampangan in daily communication. Based on the report of Sunday Times

(2007), Kapampangan Language was said to be not spoken after 20 years

studied by the experts.

Due to the endangerment of Kapampangan Language, the preserving

“Amanung Sisuan'' was implemented by the Department of Education to the

Kindergarten to Grade 3 students in public schools in 2016. Dr. Lucena

Samson aimed to teach the students to have a better understanding in the

Kapampangan Orthography. This Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual

Education is a formal or non-formal where in the schools will be using the

language, they could understand easier or their mother tongue. This aims the

learners to develop a strong foundation to their mother tongue or the

Kapampangan Language.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

4. ANALYSIS

Flitch (2010) stated in his book: “Language, more than anything else, is what

makes us human.” Language is what makes people humans. It is an important part of

everyday life. It is the foundation that leads to further learning and development of

individuals. Without the language, communication would not be possible.

The Kapampangan Language is used as a medium in verbal communication, at

home, at school, at work, religion, media and literature. Although it is used frequently,

there are still reasons which stop its continuous growth.

Kapampangans usually communicate by mother tongue, but even though it is used

as a daily medium for the locals of Pampanga, there are still hindrances occurring when

using it. Pampanga is located within the vicinity of provinces and cities which have their

own mother tongue. With that, tourists tend to have a short stay or visit in the province.

Whenever tourists from other places pass by or stop in Pampanga and ask some locals,

Kapampangans tend to adjust by using the Filipino language. Kapampangans are also

quick-learners which widens the possibility of learning other languages.

At home, there are some parents who use Kapampangan as their “first language”

in communicating to their children. However; most of the parents these days use Filipino

and English in talking to their child because English Language seems more beneficial

nowadays in terms of communicating. This results in the unfamiliarity of the child with the

Mother Tongue Language.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

In line with this, the Department of Education implemented the use of the “Mother

Tongue-Based Multilingual Education” or using their own native language in school. They

saw how languages and dialects are being endangered because the current generation

are not taught by their parents. It is a good opportunity for children to learn their Mother

Tongue language. Even though it is the native language, there are still difficulties in using

it in communicating in school because of the unfamiliarity of the learners and some

instructors.

Kapampangan Language is still used frequently for small businesses only while

the big companies here in Pampanga mostly require the usage of Filipino or English. It is

because they firmly believe that it is for formality and for wider coverage of customers

and entertaining inquiries.

In terms of religion, Catholic masses usually deliver it using their native language

but as time goes by, they need to adapt in order for the people to understand the flow of

the mass. For other religions such as Born Again and Iglesia ni Kristo, their medium is

Filipino or English.

Some may think that the Kapampangan Language may be promoted because it is

used in media platforms, but unfortunately it is not. Kapampangan Language is being

damaged due to incorrect grammar and inconsistent usage of it.

Kapampangan Literature was very prominent during the Spanish Period. There

are a lot of artists who use the Kapampangan Language for their artworks or novels.

However, due to modernization, Kapampangan Literature became unusual because a lot

of artists are using Filipino or English in creating their works even if they are from here.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

Kapampangan Language is still currently used as a medium, however there are

changes in the words and it is being mixed with other languages.

“Language evolution has not stopped, of course; in fact, it may be progressing

more rapidly than ever before.” (Culotta and Hanson, 2004:1315) Language is known to

be dynamic. It can change anytime because of the Modern Era which made everything

easier and better.

The Kapampangan Language paved its way towards the enrichment process

because of the Spanish colonization. It became the breakthrough of the language which

enabled many writers to create significant works of history, culture, tradition and heritage.

Through that, the Kapampangan language was greatly influenced and continued to find

its way towards improvement and progression.

However, during the American period the Kapampangan Language’s further

growth was prohibited. The Americans ordered the people to speak and learn the English

language which deprived them from using their Mother Tongue for there is a

corresponding punishment.

In the Japanese Era, people were exposed to the Filipino language. People

became fluent in Filipino and were not given the chance to learn their Mother Tongue.

Since they need to communicate with the Japanese in the Filipino Language instead

which they learned upon their stay.

During the Contemporary Period, a lot of unexpected events occurred. One

significant event was the Mount Pinatubo Eruption which became a devastation but a

wake-up call for many. Due to this event, a lot were encouraged to learn the

Kapampangan Language and its wonderful history. Although they became interested in
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

learning the language, there are people who had a hard time learning it. As a result, other

people mixed the Kapampangan words with Filipino words.

If the Kapampangan Language was allowed to grow despite the different

circumstances faced by people in different era’s, the foundation of it would have been

strong which will not cause any further dilemma in the present time.

5. SUMMARY

The study entitled: “Assessing the Current Status of the Kapampangan Language”

was conducted:

● To identify where the Kapampangan Language is used as a medium.

● To determine how the Kapampangan Language evolved through the years.

6. CONCLUSION

Language is an important part of everyday life. It plays a crucial role in maintaining

communication with others and a way to preserve culture, history, heritage and traditions

of a particular place.

The Kapampangan Language has been in existence even before the Spanish

Colonization period. It has developed an authentic reputation which was further enriched

and developed because of the changes that occurred throughout the years. It is used as

a medium in different forms which enables people to further understand one another.

The Language itself has a large population of speakers. Despite that fact, not

everyone is continuously using it. There are instances when there is a need to adapt and

cope with other languages which most people are familiar with. Although there is a need
ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

to learn other languages which are widely used in the country, there is also a need for

people to learn their Mother Tongue Language.

According to the author, Amy Tan: “The Language a person speaks defines the

person that they are and the choices they make”. The Kapampangan Language is not

just language for it is history itself. It is what shapes the person and its identity. Using the

language will not only give the possibility of making its existence longer but it will also

continue to let other people know that the culture it bears will continue to last for a period

of time.

The Kapampangan Language should continue to prosper. The current generation

should let themselves awaken the Kapampangan spirit inside of them. In that way, they

will be able to find the willingness to learn and apply the language which will allow its

continuous application. Leading to succeeding generations who puts their mother tongue

language first. It is not merely enough to use the language verbally. It should also be

applied in different forms of writing.

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE KAPAMPANGAN LANGUAGE

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