Science Revise

* Some lab apparatus: Funnel, Volumetric Flask, Beaker, Balance, Graduated

Cylinder.
I. Measuring Volume:
+ Use a measuring cylinder.
+ The liquid forms a curve at the top called the meniscus.
+ Put your eye at the level of the meniscus and measure from the BOTTOM.

II. Measuring Temperature:

+ Use a thermometer.
+ Liquid expands inside the thermometer when it gets hotter.
+ Read temperature from the scale.
III. Respiration:
What is the meaning of ‘Respiration’ (Think about Mrs Gren)
+ The process that all living things go through to create the energy they need to live.
+ It usually involves exchanging two gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide.
+ In short, a chemical process that produces energy.
+ Mitochondria: generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions (through respiration). 
1. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration :
+ Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in the
absence of oxygen.
+ Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose by reacting it with oxygen
inside living cells.
2. Aerobic respiration equation
=> C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6C02 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy)

3. Photosynthesis equation

=> 6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Mean:

Multiple choice questions:

1. Where in the cell does respiration occur: Mitochondria
2. What are the products of aerobic respiration: Water and carbon dioxide
3. Besides water and carbon dioxide, respiration produces heat.
4. What is the name of the muscle that helps us breathe: Diaphragm
5. What carries air between mouth/nose and lungs: Trachea
6. the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs are
bronchi (one bronchus). They carry air to the lungs.
7. What are the air sacs in the lungs called: Alveoli
8. Why do we need a large surface area inside the lungs: To allow gas exchange to
happen quickly.
9. What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale: It contracts and moves
downwards.
10.What happens to you intercostal muscles when you exhale: They relax and move
(the ribs) downwards and inwards.

*Breathing labels:

*Respiration label:
  Diffusion meaning:
+ The act of spreading or allowing to spread freely.
+ The mixing of particles of liquids or gases so that they move from a region of high
concentration to one of lower concentration.

 Breathing meaning:
+ Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air out and in the lungs.
+ Breathing in is called inhaling, and breathing out is exhaling.

What is in cigarette smoke? ( JUST 4 EXTRA GURL!!)

 Effects of smoking:
+ Increased risk for lung diseases.
+ Increased risk for cancer (lung, bladder, blood, esophagus, kidney, larynx, liver,
stomach, trachea, bronchus, etc.)
+ Harms unborn babies.
+ Affects bone health.
+ Affects gums and teeth.
 IV. Properties of materials:
Q1: What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
Ans: Compounds are formed because of chemical bonding between two or more
elements. Mixtures are formed when substances are physically mixed with one
another. 
1. Solutions:
+ A solution is a specific type of mixture where one substance is dissolved into another.
+ A solution is the same, or uniform, throughout which makes it a homogeneous
mixture.
Solutions are always clear!!!
2. Dissolve:
 Dissolve meaning:
+ To become part of a liquid.
+ Example: A solid splits up and mixes with a liquid to become a solution.
3. Soluble and insoluble
+ Soluble = solid that can dissolve.
+ Solution becomes clear.
+ Insoluble = solid that cannot be dissolved.
+ Solution becomes cloudy.
 Some~ example~:
Whatever, the upper pic means: Blue powder + water = blue water:))

4. Concentration
+ Diluted solution = A little solute has been dissolved in a solvent.
+ Concentrated solution = A lot of solute is dissolved in a solvent.
+ Saturated solution = No more solute can dissolve, and any more added solute will
settle at the bottom of the container.
*Note:
- Saturated solution = Already contains as much / maximum solute as possible.
- Solid / crystals will start to appear at the bottom of the container.

5. Conversation of mass
Conservation: A careful preservation and protection of something
6. Separating mixtures
*Mixtures can be separated using a variety of techniques.
- Distillation takes advantage of differences in boiling points.
- Evaporation removes a liquid from a solution to leave a solid material.
- Filtration removes insoluble solid particles from a liquid/gas.
- Chromatography involves the separation of components of a mixture - on a solid
medium.

Q2: How to separate mixtures?

Ans: A mixture made of solid particles of different sizes, for example sand and gravel,
can be separated by sieving.
Or
Ans: Magnetic separation is the process of separating components of mixtures by using
magnets to attract magnetic materials.

V. Forces and motion

1. Forces can:
Change the shape of an object.
Move/speed-up an object.
 Stop/slow down a moving object.
Change the direction of a moving object.
2. Force diagram
Weight – caused by gravity.
Upthrust is a force that pushes things up.
Thrust is a force that pushes things forward.

 Friction’s Definiton:

 Reducing friction:
+ Skating
+ The snail is crawling or for short ‘Crawling’
  Air resistance:

 Hammer and feather experiment:

1. When dropped on Earth, they hit the ground at different times.
2. When dropped on the Moon, they hit the ground at the same time.
* The Moon has practically no atmosphere, and therefore no air resistance.
1. So, it is not a difference in gravity, but the difference in air resistance that made
the hammer and feather hit the ground at different times on Earth.
2. Surface area affects how much air resistance a falling object experiences.
* A bigger surface area will experience more air resistance.
Underneath is a a pic when a skydiver fall…:)))

Q3: What happens when a skydiver falls…but with a open-parachute?

Ans: - The parachute provides a large surface area.
- This increases the air resistance greatly, as more air particles hits a wider
surface.
- Skydiver slows down.

VI. Speed
+ Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." 
+ Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. An object
with no movement at all has a zero speed.

1. Calculating speed
UHM…THE UNDERNEATH PIC IS THE FORMULAR OF HOW TO CALCULATING
THE SPEED!
Another formula (but still use to calculate the time):
- To solve for speed or rate, use the formula for speed, s = d/t which
means speed equals distance divided by time. 
- To solve for time, use the formula for time, t = d/s which means time equals
distance divided by speed.

VII. Light
1. Reflection of light
+ When the surface is smooth, the angle at which the ray hits the surface is equal to the
angle at which it bounces off.
Example picture located on the next page!
Some exercise! (Q4)

Ans: “I is always the same as r” (b)

2. Refraction
+ Refraction is the bending of a ray of light. It happens when light passes from one
medium to another medium with a different (optical) density.
+ The speed of light depends on the medium through which it travels.
+ When light enters a medium with a different optical density, the speed of light
changes, which also changes the direction.

The light diagram’s label. (upper pic)

Fill in the blank with key words (Q5)

 3. Colour of light spectrum

• RED
• ORANGE
• YELLOW
• GREEN
• BLUE
• INDIGO

• VIOLET
• White light is formed from the mixture of these colours.
• Dispersion happens because the colours are refracted differently.
• Red bends the least, violet bends the most.
• So they are split out when they exit the prism.

4. Colour and wavelength

+ Red has a long wavelength, so it is slowed down less when travelling through a
prism (easier to go through particles).
+ Violet has a short wavelength so it is slowed down more when travelling through a
prism (more difficult to go through particles).
+ This is why some colours bend more than others.

5. Primary and secondary colours of light

+ The three primary colours of light are red, green and blue. These colours can be
mixed in different amounts to make all other colours.
+ The three secondary colours of light are magenta, yellow and cyan. These colours are
made by mixing two primary colours.
 6. Seeing colours
+ The leaf appears green, because it absorbs all other colours and only reflects green.
+ The same as the leaf, parts of the ladybug appear red, because these parts absorb all
other colours and only reflect red.

7. Filters
+ A light filter is a transparent filter that reduces the light (or some wavelengths of
the light) passing through it.