Ch-7 Air

Introduction:-

• Human beings, animals and plants need air to survive.

• Any substance that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
• Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
• A liquid does not have a fixed shape.
• Gas is the lightest state of matter.
• Air is essential for breathing and burning.
• The addition of harmful and undesirable substances to air is called pollution.
Exercise
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (i), 2. (iii), 3. (i), 4 (i), 5. (iii)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. gases, 2.loosely,3.windmills,4.tastless smell- less or colourless,5.air pollution
C. Match the following.
1. (v), 2. (iv), 3. (vi), 4. (iii), 5. (ii), 6. (i)
D. Name the following.
1. Solid, 2. Air, 3. Humidity, 4.Lungs, 5. Pollutant
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Any substance that occupies space and had mass is called matter. The three states
of matter are – solid, liquid and gas.
2. Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases(1%) , including carbon dioxide,
argon, helium, neon, hydrogen, etc are the components of air.
3. Three properties of air are as follows:
a. Air occupies space. b. Air has weight. c. Air has no colour.
4. Take two balloons of the same size and fill them with air. Make sure that their sizes
are same even after being filled with air. Now tie the balloons on two ends of a
pencil. Tie a thread in the middle of the pencil and balance the two balloons. When
the balloons are balanced, prick one of them using a pin. You will see that the side
with the inflated balloon tilts down. This proves that air has weight.
5. The addition of harmful and undesirable substances to air as a result of human
activities is called air pollution.
Two preventive measures to keep air clean are as follows:
a. Burning of garbage, leaves and wood should be avoided.
b. Plant more trees to keep air clean and fresh.
Ch-8 Materials and Solutions

Introduction:-

• Anything that had mass and occupies space is called matter.

• Matter can change its form from one state to another.
• When solid changed into a liquid on heating, it is called melting.
• When liquid changes into a gas it is called evaporation.
• When gases changes into liquid on cooling, it is called condensation.
 • The solid that dissolves in a liquid is called solvent.
• The liquid in which a solid dissolves is called solvent.
• The liquid which we get when a dilute dissolves in a solvent is called a solution.
• Soluble substances are separated by the process of evaporation.
• Insoluble substances are separated by the process of filtration, sedimentation, and decantation.
Exercise
A. Tick the correct option.
1.(ii),2.(ii),3.(iii),4.(i),5.(ii)

B. Fill in the blanks.

1.melting,2.ice,3.soluble,4.increases,5.filteration

C. Match the following.

1.(v),2.(iii),3.(iv),4.(i),5.(ii)

D. Name the following.

1.Matter,2.Condensation,3.Solute,4.Solution,5.Evapiration,6.Sedimentation

E. Answer the following questions.

1. Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter. Example: solids: Ice, Bricks, Liquid:
Water, Milk Gas: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide.

2. When gas changes into liquid on cooling, it is called condensation. Example: Water vapour (gas)
changes into water (liquid) on cooling and dew drops can be seen on grass.

3. Add a spoonful of sugar in a glass of water. Stir it well. The particles of sugar will disappear. This
happens because the molecules of sugar occupy the spaces in the water. The volume and the
appearance of the water in the glass remains the same. However, its taste becomes sweet.

5. Filtration: It is a process of removing insoluble substances from a liquid using a filter paper or a muslin
cloth. This process can be used to separate from water.

6.

Sedimentation Decantation
In this method, The clear water
the liquid above the
containing sediment is
insoluble slowly poured
substances is left into another
undisturbed for vessel without
some time. The disturbing the
heavier particles sediment. This
settle down at process is known
the bottom. This as decantation.
 process is known
as
sedimentation.

Ch- 9 Light
Introduction:-
• Main sources of light on Earth can be broadly divided into two groups- Natural and
Artificial.
• All objects that produce light of their own are called luminous objects.
• Objects that do not produce their own light are called non-luminous objects.
• Light travels in a straight line.
• Materials that let light pass through them are called transparent objects.
• Materials that allow only a little amount of light to pass through them are called
translucent objects.
• Materials that do not allow any light to pass through them are called opaque objects.
• When light falls on an opaque object the dark area on the other side is called a shadow.
Exercise
A. Tick the correct option.
1.(iii), 2.(i), 3.(ii), 4. (ii), 5. (ii)

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. see,2.natural,3. luminous,4.block,5.opposite

C. Match the following.

1.(iii), 2.(i), 3.(ii), 4. (v), 5.(iv)

D. Name the following.

1. Light, 2. Sun light, 3. Non-luminous object, 4. Translucent objects, 5. Opaque object

E. Answer the following questions.

1. Because light helps us to see things.

2. The main source of light on Earth can be broadly divided into two groups-
Natural and Artificial.

Natural: Natural sources of light are the sources that emit light on their own. Sun is the
main source of natural light on Earth. Example: Sun, Moon, Stars Fireflies and Glowworms.
Artificial: We also use some artificial sources of light that are made by man to produce light.
Example: Bulb, Torch and Table lamp.
3.
Luminous Object Non-
Luminous
Object
All objects that Objects that
produce light of do not
their own are produce
called luminous their own
objects. They light are
may be natural called non-
or man-made. luminous
Example: objects.
Candle,Tubelight, Example:
CFL, Sun and Bed,Book,
Stars. Table,
Chair,etc.

4. Three properties of light are as follows:

• Light travels very fast.
• Light travels in a straight line.
• Light travels in all directions from its source.

5. Transparent Objects: Objects that let light pass through them are called transparent
objects. This allows us to see clearly through them. Example: Clear glass, clear water, and
clear plastic.

Translucent Objects: Objects that allow only a little amount of light to pass through them
are called translucent objects. We cannot see clearly through them. Objects on the other
side of a translucent object appear blurry and unclear. Example: Honey,vegetable oil, butter
paper and plastic water bottles.

Opaque Object: Objects that do not allow any light to pass through them are called opaque
objects. Opaque objects block the path of light. So we can not see through them. Example:
Wood, Stone, Bricks,Books and Metals.

6. Formation of Shadows: When light falls in an opaque object, we see a dark area on
the other side of the object. This dark area is called the shadow of the object. The
size of the shadow varies. It changes with change in the position of the sun. A
shadow is always formed on the opposite side of the light and appears black or
dark. Shadows are long in the morning and late afternoon while they are the
shortest at noon when the sun shines overhead.

Ch-10 Measurement

Introduction:-
• Measurement is the process of finding out the size, length, quantity, or degree of
something.
• We need various tools of measurement.
• Lengths are measured in centimetres, metres and kilometres.
• Rulers and measuring tapes are used to measure length.
• Weights are measured in milligrams, grams, and kilograms.
 • Common weighing scale and electronic weighing machine are used for weighing things.
• Light weights are measured in milligram and gram.
• Measuring cylinders and measuring beakers are the instruments for measuring the
amounts of liquids.
• We measure time with the help of a clock or a watch.
• We measure the temperature with the help of a thermometer.
Exercise
A. Tick the correct option.
1.(i),2.(ii),3.(ii),4.(ii)

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. fixed,2.weighing scale,3.kilograms,4.time,5.degree celcius, degree Fahrenheit,6.mercury

C. Match the following.

1.(iv),2.(v),3.(i),4.(iii),5.(ii)

D. Name the following.

1. Measurement,2.Length,3.Mass,4.Capacity,5.Clinical Thermometer

E. Define the following terms.

1. Length: The length is the distance between the two ends of an object. The length is the size or the
measure of how long something is. Lengths are measured in centimetres, metres and kilometres. Metre
(m) is the standard unit for measuring length. Rulers and measuring tapes are used to measure length.

Small lengths are measured in units called millimetre and centimetre. Long lengths are measured in
metres and very long lengths and distances are measured in kilometres.

10 millimetres = 1 centimetre

100 centimetres = 1 metre

1000 metres = 1 kilometre

2. Mass: Mass is defined as the amount of material an object contains . Different objects have different
weights. Light weights are measured in milligram and gram. Havier weights are measured in kilogram.

1000 milligrams = 1 gram

1000 grams = 1 kilogram

3. Capacity: Capacity is the amount of liquid that a container can hold. A small cup holds less milk than a
big cup. Litre (L) is the standard Unit of measuring volume of liquids. Small quantities are measured in
millilitre. Large quantities are measured in kilolitre.

1000 millilitres = 1 litre

1000 litres = 1 kilolitre

4. Temperature: The temperature of an object teall us how hot or cold the object is. We measure the
temperature with the help of a thermometer. Temperature is measured in degree Celsius (oC) or in
degree Fahrenheit (oF).

F. Answer the following questions.

1. Because Measurement plays an important role in our day to day life. We need to measure various
things for various purposes. For example, we measure the weight before purchasing vegetables, fruits,
flour, etc. We measure the size of clothes before buying them. We cannot depend on our senses to
measure them.

2. Because earlier, people often used their hands and feet for measuring lengths. They used
handspan,cubit and footspan. All these units of measurement were called non-standard units as the
length of these body parts differed from person to person, and hence, were not reliable. Thus we need
to have a standard Unit of measuring things.

3. Centimetres, Metre And Span, Hand span.

4. To measure the length of a pencil the ruler is kept along the pencil. A ruler has numbers marked on it.
It starts at the zero mark. The distance between”0” mark and “1” mark is called 1 cm. One end of the
pencil is kept at the zero cm mark of the ruler. You should keep your eyes exactly above the ruler and
check the marking on the ruler that coincides with the other end of the pencil. Suppose, the other end
of the pencil reaches the 6 cm mark, then the length of the pencil is 6 cm.

5. The common weighing scale and the electronic weighing machine are the instruments that are used
for weighing things.

6. 37’C or 98.6'F is the normal body temperature of human beings.

L- 11 Push and Pull

Introduction:-

• We constantly need to push or pull things.

• We push something to move it away from us.
• We pull something to move it towards us.
• A push or a pull is a force.
• We cannot see force, but we can observe what it does.
• A force can make an object move.
• A force can make an object stop.
• A force can change the shape of an object.
• There are different types of force – Muscular, Magnetic, Gravitational and Frictional.
Exercise
A. Tick the correct option.
1.(i), 2.(ii),3.(iii),4.(ii),5.(iii)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. opposite, 2.force, 3.direction, 4.muscular force, 5.magnetic force.
C. Match the following.
 1.(v),2.(i),3.(iv),4.(iii),5.(ii)
D. Name the following.
1. Friction,2. Pull, 3. Push, 4. Muscular 5. Magnet.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Pull: We usually pull something to move it towards us.
Push: We usually push something to move it away from us.
2. Force: A push or pull is a force. We can move objects by applying force.
Example:
a. We use force to hit the striker while playing carrom.
b. We use force to lift a bag or any other object.
c. We apply force to move a box from one place to another.

3. Effects of force:

• A force can make an object move.

Example – If we push a wheel chair on the ramp, it starts sliding.
• A force can stop a moving objects.
Example – When we apply brakes on car it gradually comes to a halt.

4.The different types of forces are as follows:-

• Muscular force
• Magnetic force
• Gravitational force
• Frictional force

5. Gravitational force was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.

The pull or force of the earth which attracts everything towards itself is called the
gravitational force or force of gravity.

6. Frictional force: The force that acts between a moving objects and the surface to either slow it down
or stop it completely is called frictional force. Frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to the
motion of the object. Objects with smooth surface have less friction while rough surface have more
friction. Friction between our feet and ground help us to walk.

L-12 Friction as a Force

Introduction:-

• Friction is a force that opposes motion.

• Heavy objects have more friction that light objects.
• Without friction we will not get a grip on the ground.
• Friction causes the soles of our shoes to wear out.
• Friction between moving parts in machines produces noise.
• Wheels make it easy to move heavy objects.
Exercises
A. Tick the correct option.
1.(ii), 2.(ii), 3.(ii), 4.(i), 5.(ii)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1.oppose,2.friction,3.grip,4.damage,5.Lubricating.
C. Match the following.
1.(v), 2.(ii), 3.(i), 4.(iii), 5.(iv)
D. Name the following.
1.Friction, 2. Grip, 3. Write, 4. Lubricating Oil, 5.Powder.
E. Answer the following questions
1. Friction: Friction is a force that oppose motion.
2. Because the surface of the carpet is uneven and has ridges that
increase the friction between the box and the surface.
3. Three useful effects of friction are as follows:
a. Friction help us to walk.
b. Friction enables vehicles to move ahead.
c. Friction help us to hold things.
4. Three disadvantages of friction are as follows:
a. Friction makes it difficult to move heavier objects across the floor.
b. Friction causes the soles of our shoes, tyres of vehicles and parts of
machines to wear out.
c. Friction between moving parts in machines produces noise.
5. Because grease is used to reduce friction in various machines.
6. Because wheels make it easy to move heavy objects and reduces
friction. That is why suitcase nowadays come with wheels.
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