Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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 The Importance of Time

Verb tense expresses

the time of an event or
action. Time and how it
is expressed in writing
is very important to
English readers.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 2

 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Simple Past Tense
2. Past Progressive Tense
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 3
THE PAST TENSE

The Simple Past

Structure:
Helping Verb
(+): Sub+V2+com+.
Did
(-): Sub+Didn’t+V1+com+.
(?): Did+Sub+V1+com+? Main Verb
2nd Form of the Verb (+)
Examples:
1st Form of the Verb (-,?)
(+): She broke the window.
(-): He didn’t break it.
(?): Did you break it? Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PAST TENSE

The use
#1
Shows an action happened in the past in a specific
time.
Note: Time is important or specific.

1. I visited my sister yesterday.

2. We went to Paris on our last vacation last year.
3. She didn’t do anything special on last weekend.
4. Did you watch the match last night?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PAST TENSE

The Verb Forms

Irregular verbs
There are different types
Verb1 Verb2 Verb3
of verb forms such as The
Break Broke Broken
base form of the verb,
Know Knew Known
present form of the
Wear Wore Worn
verb(1st form of the verb),
Steal Stole Stolen
past form of the verb(2nd
form of the verb), past Regular verbs
participle(3rd form of the Verb1 Verb2 Verb3
verb), present Play played played
participle(Verb + ing form Watch watched watched
of the verb), infinite…. study studied studied
Work worked worked
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 6
THE PAST TENSE

“-ED” Spelling.

1. The verbs end in “-E”, add only “D”.

arrive => arrived love => loved
2. The verbs end in “ consonant + y”, change “y” to “i” and add “-
ed”. study => studied try => tried
3. The verbs end in “ vowel + y”, add just“-ed”.
play => played stay => stayed
4. When a one-syllable verb ends in “vowel + consonant”, double the
consonant and add “ed”.
stop => stopped
5. When the stress is on the final syllable of a verb that end in vowel
+ consonant ,double the consonant and add “-ed”
prefer => preferred
6. When the stress is not on the final syllable of a verb that end in
vowel + consonant , add only “-ed”
offer => offered
7. For all other verbs, just add“-ed”.
talk => talked work => worked
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THE PAST TENSE

Pronunciation of d or ed
Rule 1:
If the final sound of a singular verb’s root form ends in a
vowel or/b, g, v, m, n, l, z, δ, d ʒ, ŋ, r/ then the inflection is
pronounced /-d/
Present form Final Sound Past Form /d/
Rob /b/ Robbed /d/
Beg /g/ Begged /d/
Prove /v/ Proved /d/
Breathe /ð/ Breathed /d/
Form /m/ Formed /d/
Rain /n/ Rained /d/
Ding /ŋ/ Dinged /d/
Pull /l/ Pulled /d/

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PAST TENSE

Rule 2:
If the final sound of a singular verb’s root form ends in /t , d/
then the inflection is pronounced /-ID/

Present form Final Sound Past Form /id/

Chat /t/ Chatted /id/
Date /t/ Dated /id/
Bend /d/ Bended /id/
Award /d/ Awarded /id/
Present form Final Sound Past Form /id/

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THE PAST TENSE

Rule 3:
If the final sound of a singular verb’s root form ends in / ∫, t
∫, s, p, k, f, θ / then the inflection is pronounced /-t/

First form Final Sound Past form /t/

Wash /∫/ Washed /t/
Watch /t ∫/ Watched /t/
Pass /s/ Passed /t/
Jump /p/ Jumped /t/
Crack /k/ Cracked /t/
Laugh /f/ Laughed /t/

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PAST TENSE

More examples
1. I wanted to visit you on Friday.
2. My Favorite team played very well last night.
3. Some students didn’t do their homework last week
because they were not present in the class.
4. Did you watch the football match last night?

Note: If the time is not specific in the past, use

present perfect tense.
1. She hasn’t gone to Paris yet, but I went to Paris last
year.
2. My favorite team has never played well, but they played
very well last night.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 11

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

The Past Progressive

Helping Verb
Structure:
Were/was
(+): Sub + was/were+V1-ing+com+.
Main Verb
(-): Sub + was/were+not+V1-ing+com+.
Verb+ing
(?): Was/were + Sub + V1-ing + com+?

Examples: Was: she, he, it ,I

(+): She was eating lunch. Were: we, you they,

(-): They weren’t playing. ==============

Was not = wasn’t
(?): Was she texting you?
Were not = weren’t
Instructor: M Zia Rasa
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THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

The use:
#1
The past progressive is used to talk about an activity that
was in progress at a specific point of time in the past.
The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the
past.

1. I was studying for an exam while my mother was

cooking dinner.
2. We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.
3. I was doing my homework all the day.
4. What were you doing last week?

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THE PAST PROGRESSIVE The Past Progressive

The use:
#2
The past progressive is often used with the simple
past to show that one action was in progress when
another action occurred (interrupted actions).
Note: Use past tense after “when”.

1. I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.

2. They were eating dinner when the power went off.
3. He was walking on the street when a car hit him.
4. My brother was smoking when I saw him.
5. They were having dinner when I got there.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 14

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE The Past Progressive

The use:
#3
To describe repetition and annoying.
Note: The adverb “always” is used with this usage.

1. He was always complaining about the lessons in class.

2. They were always making noise in the yard.
3. His brother was always smoking at home.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 15

 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Past Perfect Tense
2. Past Perfect Progressive
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 16
THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect

Helping Verb
Structure:
Had
(+): Sub + had+V3+com+.
Main Verb
(-): Sub + had+not+V3+com+. 3rd Form of the Verb
(?): had+ Sub + V3 + com+? (Past Participle)
Examples: had not = hadn’t
(+): I had eaten my breakfast before I came to school.
(-): The floor was dirty. I hadn’t washed it.
(?): Had you spoken to him before the class started?
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 17
THE PAST PERFECT

The use
#1
This tense describes completed events that took place in
the past before another past event.

had received it hit

had eaten my friend stopped by

1. The ship had received many warnings before it sank into

the sea.
2. I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 18

THE PAST PERFECT

More examples
1. The burglar had left the house when the police got there, so they can’t catch them.
Past Perfect Past Now

2. He had had her breakfast when I saw him.

3. Had you done your homework he asked you for?
4. When I arrived at home, there was no food in the fridge. Someone had eaten
everything.
5. The plane had already left by the time I got to the airport.
6. I had fired him before he apologized.

Note: It is also possible to use simple past tense.

1. He had his breakfast before I saw him.
2. He had had his breakfast before I saw him.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 19

 Notice the difference…

• When the boss arrived, the meeting began.

• When the boss arrived, the meeting had begun.

• When the teacher came, I left the class.

• When the teacher came, I had left the class.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The Past Perfect Progressive

Structure: Helping Verb

(+): Sub + had + been +V-ing + com +. Had + Been

Main Verb
(-): Sub + had + not + been +V-ing + com +.
Verb + ing
(?): had+ Sub +been+ V-ing + com+?

Examples:
(+): I had been eating my breakfast when you called .
(-): They had not been doing anything wrong till yesterday .
(?): Had you been calling him before the class started?
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 21
THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The use

#1
This tense describes events in progress that took place in
the past before another past event.

had been it hit

receiving
my friend stopped by

1. The ship had been receiving many warnings before it

sank into the sea.
2. I had been already eating when my friend stopped by
to visit.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 22

 Study the examples below…

o A woman fell down at the supermarket. She had been

stealing something.

o My brother was sad. He had been cleaning the room all

day long.

o The gardener was tired. He had been working on his

farm all day.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Simple Present Tense
2. Present Progressive Tense
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 24
THE PRESENT TENSE

The Simple Present Tense

Structure:
Helping Verb
(+): Sub + V1 +com+.
Do / does
(-): Sub + do/does+not+V1+com+.
Do = we, you, they, I
(?): do/does+ Sub + V1 + com+? Does = she, he , it

Examples:
Main Verb
(+): They paint their house every year.
(-): We don’t want to take a party. Present form (1st form
(?): Does she speak English? of the verb)
Do not = don’t

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

Does not = doesn’t
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THE PRESENT TENSE

The use

#1
Expresses a habit or often repeated action or
daily activities.
Note: Adverbs of frequency such as always,
usually, sometimes, often, never, etc. are
used with this tense.

1. She goes to work everyday.

2. They always eat lunch together.
3. My brother doesn’t wake up at 6:00 AM.
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 26
THE PRESENT TENSE

Mores examples

1. What does he do every morning?

2. He always goes running every morning.
3. My brother never goes running in the
morning.
4. Do you like to study English or Pashto?
5. I like to study English.
6. Does she speak Chinese? Yes, she does
7. Why don’t you go to gym?
8. Because I don’t have any money.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT TENSE

The use
#2
This tense also expresses general truths
or facts that are timeless.

1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

2. The God is one.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT TENSE

Note: When the subject is singular (third

person singular) in positive sentences,
the main verb takes “s, es or ies”.
◼ ies = a verb ends in “ consonant + y”, replace “y”
to “I” and add “es”.
◼ es = a verb ends in “ sh, ch, x, s, ss, z”, add “es”.
◼ s = a verb ends in any other letter, add “es”.
Examples:
1. She speaks Spanish.
2. My brother studies computer programs.
3. He teaches English.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT TENSE

Pronunciation of S or ES
Rule 1
If the final sound of a verb’s root form ends in a vowel or / b, d, g,
v , ð, m, n , ŋ , l / sound, then the inflection is pronounced =/-Z/.

Singular Verbs Final Sound Inflection Pronounced /z/

rob /b/ robs /z/
Lead /l/ Leads /z/
Hug /g/ Hugs /z/
Improve /v/ Improves /z/
Breathe /ð/ Breathes /z/
Daydream /m/ Daydreams /z/
Clean /n/ Cleans /z/
Bring /ŋ/ Brings /z/
Fill /l/ Fills /z/
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 30
THE PRESENT TENSE

Rule 2
If the final sound of a verb’s root form ends in/p, k, f, t , θ / sound,
then the inflection is pronounced =/S/

Singular Verbs Final Sound Inflection Pronounced /s/

Keep /p/ Keeps /s/
Break /k/ Breaks /s/
Cut /t/ Cuts /s/
Laugh /f/ Laughs /s/

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 31

THE PRESENT TENSE

Rule 3:
If the final sound of a verb’s root form ends in / ∫, t ∫, z, dʒ , ʒ, s
/sound, then the inflection is pronounced =/-IZ/

Singular Verbs Final Sound Inflection Pronounced /IZ/

Wash /∫/ Washes /iz/
Catch /t ∫/ Catches /iz/
Buzz /z/ Buzzes /iz/
Judge /dʒ/ Judges /iz/
Cross /s/ Crosses /iz/

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 32

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The Present
Progressive
Structure:
Helping Verb
(+): Sub +To be + V1+ing +com+.
TO BE Verbs(is, am, are)
(-): Sub + To be+not+V1+ing+com+. Are = we, you, they
(?): To be + Sub + V1+ing + com+? is = she, he , it
Examples: am = I
(+): They are running.
Main Verb
(-): She is not running.
(?): Is he working right now? Verb + ing

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The use
#1
This tense is used to describe an action that is
occurring right now (at this moment, today,
this year, etc.). The action has begun and is
still in progress.

1. She is typing a paper for her class.

2. He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

34
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

More Examples

1. My brother is talking on the phone right now.

So I can’t tell him right now.
2. Look! they aren’t doing anything now.

1. What is everyone doing at home now?

2. I am talking to you.
3. My mom is washing the dishes.
4. My older sister is writing her homework.
5. Razia isn’t doing anything and just sleeping.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The use
#2
“Present progressive tense + always” is used
to about habits in the present.

1. She is always coming late to the classes.

2. He is always using my cell phone.
3. We are always calling them in the morning.
4. He is always borrowing my coat ,but at
least he returns them in good condition.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

36
 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Present prefect Tense
2. Present Prefect Progressive
Instructor: M Zia Rasa
37
THE PRESENT PREFECT

The Present Perfect

Structure:
(+): Sub + have/has + V3 +com+. Helping Verb
(-): Sub + have/has + not + V3 + com +. Have/Has
(?): Have/Has + Sub + V3+ com +?
Main Verb
Examples: Past Participle
(+): They have been here many times. (V3)
(-): She has not done anything wrong yet.
(?): Have you eaten in a Chinese restaurant?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT PREFECT

The use
#1
The present perfect shows something
happened (or never happened) before now at
some unspecified time in the past. The exact
time it happened is not important or clear.
Note #1: if there is a specific mention of
time, the simple past is used instead.

Example:
They have moved into a new apartment. Vs. They moved
into a new apartment last month.

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THE PRESENT PREFECT

Note #2: The adverbs ever, never, already, yet,

and just are frequently used with this structure.
1. Have you ever visited Mexico?
2. I have already washed dad’s car!
3. Ann started painting the wall last week, but
he hasn’t finished it yet.
4. Alex passed out. He has just heard of his
father death.
5. My brother has never gone to Iran but I
have been there once.

40
THE PRESENT PREFECT

The use
#2
The present perfect also expresses the
repetition of an activity before now. The
exact time of each repetition is not
important.
Note: The term so far is frequently used
with this structure.
1. We have had four tests so far this semester.
2. I have flown on an airplane many times.
3. We have studied thirty pages of the grammar
section.
4. I have written my wife a letter every other
day for the last two weeks.
41
THE PRESENT PREFECT

The use
#3
The present perfect is used to talk about
an event that began in the past and has a
connection to the present or continues to
the present.

1. He has lived in Malang for two years.

2. She has worked here since last month.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

42
THE PRESENT PREFECT

Note #1: The adverbs since and for

are frequently used with this
structure.
Since + a particular time (last year, 2017, yesterday, etc.)
For + a period of time (three days, two years, a week, etc.)
1. I have been there for two days.
2. They have been friends since they were kids.
3. You have had these pair of shoes since last year.

Note #2: Present perfect progressive tense

can be used with this usage too.
1. She has lived here since 2015. Present prefect tense

2. She has been living here since 2015. Present perfect progressive tense

43
THE PRESENT PREFECT

Remember

Already can come either after have/has or at

the end of a sentence.
o I have already read the book.
o I have read the book already.

Yet comes at the end of a sentence.

o She has not called me yet.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Present Perfect
Progressive
Structure: Helping Verb
(+): Sub + have/has + been + V1+ing +com+. Have/has + been
(-): Sub + have/has +not + been+V1+ing+com+.
(?): Have/Has + Sub + been + V1+ing + com+? Main Verb

Examples: Verb + ing

(+): They have been working here since 2018.
(-): She has not been working here since 2019.
(?): have you been studying English ?
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 45
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The use
#1
This tense is used to describe the
duration of an action that began in the
past and continues into the present.

1. He has been studying grammar for an hour.

2. She has been cooking all day.
3. I have been teaching here for 5 years.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 46

 Notice the difference…

o My hands are wet. I have been washing the

dishes.
o My hands were wet. I had been washing the
dishes.

o I am tired. I have been cleaning the room.

o I was tired. I had been cleaning the room.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

47
 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Simple Future Tense
2. Future Progressive Tense
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 48
THE FUTURE TENSE

The Future
Will/shall and be going to are
used to describe future actions.

Examples:
I will inform you tomorrow.
She won’t go there.
Will you call him?
We are going to finish this project.
What is she going to do tomorrow?
Helping Verb
will/ shall/ be going to
Main Verb
Present form the verb
(1st form of the verb)

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 49

THE FUTURE TENSE

Will / Shall
Structure:
(+): Sub + will/shall + V1 +com+. Will / Shall = ‘ll
(-): Sub + will/shall +not + V1+com+. Shall not =
shan’t
(?): will/shall + Sub + V1 + com+?
Will not = won’t
Examples:
(+): I will call you. Shall: I, we
(-): She won’t call me.
(?): Will you call him?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 50

THE FUTURE TENSE

The use: Shall / Will

#1
Will and Shall are used to talk about future plans.
Note: Plans decided at the moment of speaking.

1. Thomas will graduate in June.

2. We will probably go out tonight. Will / Shall = ‘ll
3. Will you be home tonight? Shall not = shan’t
4. She won’t come tomorrow. Will not = won’t
5. You can call tonight, I ‘ll be home.
6. I shall travel to Paris next year.
7. We shan’t participate tomorrow.
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 51
THE FUTURE TENSE

The use: Shall / Will Will / Shal = ‘ll

#2 Shall not = shan’t

Will not = won’t
When you offer to do something.
1. Your suitcase is very heavy ,so I’ll carry it for you.
2. Will you give me that pen?
3. Shall I call you tonight?
4. Should I call you tonight? Also possible

#3
When you decide to do something.
Note: We usually use “ I think I’ll….I don’t think I ‘ll…”.
1. It’s a nice day. I think I’ll go out.
2. I am tired. I think I’ll go to bed eerily.
3. I have a fit body. I don’t think I’ll go to gym.
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 52
THE FUTURE TENSE

Be going to
Structure:
(+): Sub + be going to + V1 +com+. Be = is, am, are
(-): Sub + be +not +going to + V1+com+.
(?): be + Sub +going to + V1 + com+?

Going to = ganna
Examples:

(+): I am going to finish this.

(-): She isn’t going to teach you.
(?): Are you going to do something tomorrow?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 53

THE FUTURE TENSE

The use: Be going to

#1
Be going to is used to talk about future plans.
Note: Plans already decided or arranged to do.

1. We are going to have a party tomorrow.

2. She is going to be present.
3. I am going to meet my boss next week.
4. we are going to go to the movies next week.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 54

 Note
Sometimes simple present and present progressive tense
are used to show future tense too.

Examples:
1. She leaves to tomorrow.
2. We don’t come on Friday.
3. She is leaving tomorrow.
4. We are watching a movie on Saturday.
5. I am not working tomorrow.
Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

The Future
Progressive

Structure:
Helping Verb
(+): Sub + will +be + V1-ing +com+.
will/ shall + be
(-): Sub + will +not + be +V1-ing +com+.
(?): Will + Sub + be+ V1-ing + com+? Be going to + be
Main Verb
Examples:
(+): I will be teaching tomorrow at 3’o clock. Verb + ing
(-): She wont be working tomorrow.
(?): Will you be studding?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 56

THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

The use:
#1
This tense is used to describe an event or action that
will occur over a period of time at a specific point in
the future. at 10 a.m. tomorrow

by the time you arrive

1. I will be teaching TOEFL at 10 a.m. tomorrow.

2. They will be moving their furniture out of the house by the time you
arrive tomorrow.
3. I am teaching English now. the same I was doing yesterday and I will be
doing the same tomorrow.
4. She will be coming soon.
5. She will come soon. Also possible 57
 Grammar
Level Two
Tense Structure
Learning Objectives:
1. Future Perfect Tense
2. Future Perfect Progressive
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 58
THE FUTURE PERFECT

The Future Perfect

Structure:
(+): Sub + will +have + V3 +com+.
(-): Sub + will +not + have +V3 +com+.

Helping Verb (?): Will + Sub + have + V3 + com+?

Will + have
Structure:
Main Verb
(+): She will have finished it by June.
Past participle
(-): They won’t have left by the time you
(3rd form of the verb) arrive here.
(?): Will you have done it till tomorrow?
Instructor: M Zia Rasa 59
THE FUTURE PERFECT

The use:
#1
This tense is used to describe an event or action that will
be completed before another event or time in the future.

will have finished the exam class ends

1. We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow.
2. I graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I
will have graduated.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 60

THE FUTURE PERFECT

More examples:
I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I
will be studying when you come.
Don’t call me at nine because I won’t be home. I am
going to be studying at the library.

Note: Sometimes there is little or no difference between the

future progressive and the simple future, especially when the
future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future.
a) Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon.
b) Don’t get impatient. She will come soon.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 61

THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Future Perfect Progressive

Structure:
(+): Sub + will + have + been + V1-ing +com+.
(-): Sub + will +not + have + been +V1-ing +com+.
(?): Will + Sub + have + been + V1-ing + com+?

Helping Verb Examples:

(+): I will have been teaching till next moth.
Will + have + been (-): She won’t have been declaring her speech before
your arrival.
Main Verb (?): Will you have been studying English by end of
Verb + ing this month?

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The use:
#1
This tense describes an action that has been in progress for a
duration of time before another event or time in the future.

finishes law school

1. By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in

Village.
2. I will have been sleeping for two years by the time he gets home.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa

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THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Note: Sometimes there is little or no difference between the

future progressive and the future perfect progressive tense.

a) When Professor Rasa retires next year, he will have taught

for 45 years.
b) When Professor Rasa retires next year, he will have been
teaching for 45 years.

Instructor: M Zia Rasa 64

SUMMARY
TENSE PAST PRESENT FUTURE PAST FUTURE
Simple S+V2+O S+V1+es/s+O S+will/shall+V1+O S+would/should+V1+O
Progressive S+were/was+V1+i S+do/does+V1+ing+O S+ will/shall S+ would/should
ng+O +be+V1+ing+O +be+V1+ing+O
Perfect S+had+V3+O S+has/have+V3+O S+ will/shall S+ would/should
+have+V3+O +have+V3+O
Perfect S+had+been+V1+i S+has/have+been+V1+ S+ will/shall S+ would/should
Progressi ng+O ing+O +have+been+V1 +have+been+V1+i
ve +ing+O ng+O
TENSE PAST PRESENT FUTURE PAST FUTURE
Simple Event happened Event as habitual, routine, Event in progress will Event will be do if the
began and ended fact, general truth happen requirement
in past with completely in the past
exactly time
Progressive Event in progress at Event in progress at present Event will be in progress Event in progress like past
the past time, or happening now, at the future time or now will be do in
probably around now, getting the future
continued changing, planned
future
Perfect Event completely Event finished before and Event will be completely Event in fancing and
finished before result now, exactly finished before requirement
another time in time is not important another time in the uncompletely
the past future
Perfect Event in progress Event in progress when Event in progress before Event in progress like past
Progressive before another before now, up now another time in the or now will be do in 65
event in the past future the future