RESULT%

Student number(s): 2 2 1 0 1 9 7 5 8
Surname and initials: MONAKALALI. T

Programme: Dip Tech (Mechanical Engineering)

Module name: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS I
Module code: M S M 2 1 A

Graduate None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Attribute (GA)
assessment:

Practical/Assignment number: 1
Group number: 8
Due date: 2 0 2 3 0 3 2 4

Lecturer: MRS K THEJANE

DECLARATION OF OWN WORK

I, MONAKALALI.T student number 221019758, hereby declare that the content of this assignment/project is my own work, as
defined and constituted in the Rules and Regulations of the Central University of Technology, Free State (Please consult the
Programme Guide of the Department).
Signed: MONAKALALI. T Date: 2023-03-20
Assignment task Assignment Stud Graduate attributes (GA) indicators Obtained GA
ent are marked
Weight Mar If a student obtains 50% on an assignment task, he or she obtains a GA. The with X
k assignment rubric is described in both practical and learner guides.

Aim 5

Sketch of apparatus 10 GA2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge

Summary of theory 10 GA 4: Investigations, experiments, and data analysis GA

9: Independent Learning Ability
Experimental procedure 10 GA 2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge
GA 4: Investigations, experiments, and data analysis
Data and observation 10 GA 2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge

Calculation and graphs 20 GA 1: Problem-solving

GA 2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge
Results 10 GA9: Independent Learning Ability
Conclusion and discussions 15 GA 6: Professional and technical communication
Accuracy and neatness 10 GA 6: Professional and technical communication
Contents
AIM ....................................................................................................................................... 3
THEORY ............................................................................................................................... 3
APPARATUS........................................................................................................................ 5
PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................... 6
DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................ 6
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 7
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 7
AIM
In this practical we are about the test elastic and inelastic properties of a specific
material and determine if it is brittle or ductile through the various calculations that
will be conducted in the experiment.

THEORY
By conducting meticulously planned laboratory experiments that as closely as
possible mimic the service conditions, the mechanical characteristics of materials are
determined.
The type of loads that are applied to a material in real life depends on a variety of
circumstances. Tensile, compressive, and shear loads, to name a few, are typical
examples of how these loads may be used. The selection of materials for
mechanical design should take into account these characteristics. The effects of
temperature and time are additional variables that frequently make design more
difficult. (Khayal, 2019)
A material constant that reveals the stiffness of a material is the modulus of elasticity
(also known as Young's modulus). It is derived from the specimen's stress vs strain
plot in a uniaxial stress state (tension, compression, or bending). Other factors, such
as the elastic modulus, are the constitutive equations that link stress to strain in more
complicated circumstances, material constants are used. With a three-point loading
technique, bending tests are conducted on beams and for tensile testing a specimen
is pulled apart using a load. (Beladi, 2018)

For the majority of the materials utilized in engineering structures and components, it
is discovered that the first section of the stress-strain diagram is a straight-line OP. In
this region, the relationship between stress and strain is proportional. As a result, we
may write = Exε. The connection between them is known as Hooke's Law. (Shah,
2008)
E, often known as the Young's Modulus, is the slope of the straight-line component
of the stress-strain diagram.
The proportional limit is the highest stress that a material can withstand while still
maintaining an absolutely uniform ratio of strain to stress. As a result, the
proportional limit is the stress at the proportionality point P's limit.

The extensometer needle will deflect if the load on the test specimen is removed at
any time while under this stress and might go back to 0 (the initial position). This
means the strain-induced load is elastic.

Figure 1 stress and strain graph

Image source: https://practicalmaintenance.net/?p=948

Figure 2 shape of specimen

Image source: https://practicalmaintenance.net/?p=948

This are the calculations that are going to be used in this following practical report.
1. 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Where a is the cross sectional-area of the specimen in m2 and r is the radius
of the specimen in m.
𝑓
2. σ =
𝐴
where σ is stress in Pa and f is the load in N
3. ε = ∆𝑙/𝑙
where ε is the strain and l is length of the specimen

APPARATUS

Tensile test apparatus

Adjustable crosshead

Screw column

Computer
Cap Nut

Specimen

Load cell

Base

Crank

Description:

The crank turns the screw column which has treads that move the adjustable
crosshead up and down, both are connected to the base. The load cell holds the
specimen in place on the base. The cap nut holds the specimen in place on the
adjustable crosshead. The computer then calibrate the machine and records the
readings that happen during the experiment.
PROCEDURE

1. We started measuring the dimension of the specimen with linear calliper.

2. Then proceeded to calibrate the machine to make sure that no errors
occurred.
3. We lowered the crosshead by turning the crank and installed the specimen.
4. We placed an eye shield on the machine to prevent any injuries.
5. We made the cap nut loose so that it does not create a load on the load cell.
6. We then clicked record and tightened the cap nut.
7. Then proceeded to slowly turn the crank clockwise till a force of 100 N so that
we can see if the machine is well calibrated.
8. We turn the crank anti-clockwise again to see if the two curves are on top of
each other.
9. We increased the force back to 100 N, clicked stop on the computer and left
the crank in that position.
10. Then we deleted all the practice runs.
11. We pressed record on the computer and turned the crank until the specimen
broke.
12. Then we clicked stop.

DISCUSSION

The calculated ultimate tensile is not equal given range the theoretical value. Which
the specimen broke too early. This means there were errors in the conduction of the
experiment.
There may been a 0 error on the machine or human error as a human was turning
the crank this may give inaccurate readings on the computer. Computer error may
have also occurred when it captured the wrong values. Or we may have incorrectly
measured the wrong diameter of length of specimen. But our percentage error is still
under 10% is our results ay still be considered accurate.
CONCLUSION
With the results of this experiment we may conclude that the specimen is a ductile
material due to the fact that has it has a large area reduction percentage. The shape
at the area of fracture has a cup and cone shape. The material also has a large
elastic range which means the specimen may have returned to it original length if we
remove the load before reaching the limit of proportionality. We should have used
well calibrated machine for this experiment so that we get correct results, but
however we can still regard this experiment as a success because we got to
discover the properties of the specific material.

REFERENCES
Beladi, S., 2018. Tensile testing, New York: Machine of Materials lab.
Khayal, O., 2019. Research gate. [Online]
Available at: http://www.Researchgate.net
[Accessed 23 March 2023].
Shah, K., 2008. Practical Maintenance. [Online]
Available at: http:www.PracticalMaintenance.net
[Accessed 23 March 2023].