RESULT%

Student number(s): 2 2 1 0 1 9 7 5 8
Surname and initials: MONAKALALI. T

Programme: Dip Tech (Mechanical Engineering)

Module name: MATERIALS I
Module code: M M T 1 2 A

Graduate None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Attribute (GA)
assessment:

Practical/Assignment number: 3
Group number:
Due date: 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 5

Lecturer: N NHLAPO

DECLARATION OF OWN WORK

I, MONAKALALI.T student number 221019758, hereby declare that the content of this assignment/project is my own work,
as defined and constituted in the Rules and Regulations of the Central University of Technology, Free State (Please consult the
Programme Guide of the Department).

Signed: MONAKALALI. T Date: 2021-10-19

EVALUATION:
Description Marks Student Mark
1. List of contents 2
2. Aim of the experiment 2
3. Sketch and describe the apparatus 4
4. Experimental procedure 3
5. A short summary of the theory 10
6. Experimental data 2
7. Calculations and Tabulation of stress and strain results 15
8. Stress -Strain Graph (labelled) 10
9. Determination of properties 20
10. Discussions (Comparison of theoretical and practical results) 10
11. Conclusion 10
12. References (use Harvard referencing) 10
13. Neatness and overall impression 2
14. Overall Total 100

1
Contents
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT ................................................................................................. 3
APPARATUS........................................................................................................................ 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .......................................................................................... 3
THEORY ............................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ....................................................................................................... 4
CALCULATIONS.................................................................................................................. 5
DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES .................................................................................. 8
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 8

2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To determine if a certain material has elastic and non-elastic properties, and to determine if
the material is ductile and brittle.

APPARATUS

Figure 1 machine used to test tensile

(JAMES.D, 2021)
Figure 2 variation of the machine

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The operating officer needs to wear protective clothing. The workplace needs to be
regulated. Metal specimen needs to be prepared. The apparatus is control with a computer
operator. The material is held at the two closures by a mechanical assembly, which
gradually pulls the long way on the piece until it breaks. The pulling power is known as a
load, which is plotted against the material length change, or dislodging. The load is changed
over to a pressure esteem and the relocation is changed over to a strain value. (Chen, 2020)

3
THEORY

𝒇
𝝈=
𝑨
𝜎 = Stress in Pa F = Load in Newton A = Cross-sectional area in m2

𝝅 ⅆ𝟐
𝑨=
𝟒

A = Cross-sectional area in m2 / d= diameter in m

𝚫ℓ
ℇ=
ℓ
E= strain / l = length in m

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Original Original
Length 102,8 Diameter 9,6
(mm) (mm)
Final Final
length 115,3 Diameter 6,9
(mm) (mm)
Force Deformation
(kN) (mm)
0,000 0,000
4,529 0,032
4,595 0,032
8,892 0,061
10,795 0,077
12,771 0,092
14,693 0,115
21,765 0,164
26,576 0,255
24,726 0,353
28,289 0,581
29,904 0,981

4
 31,642 1,351
32,857 1,982
30,120 2,633
25,968 2,873

CALCULATIONS

𝟐
6.1) 𝑨 = 𝝅𝟒ⅆ
A= 7,539822369× 10−5 𝑚2

𝒇
𝝈=𝑨

4,529×10−3 𝑁
𝝈 = 7,539822369×10−5 𝑚2

𝝈 = 60,068 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝚫ℓ
ℇ= ℓ

0,032×10−3
ℇ = 102,8×10−3

ℇ = 0,032

5
Table of stress and strain

6.2)

Stress (N/𝐦𝟐 ) Strain

0,000 0,0000
60,068 0,0003
60,943 0,0006
117,934 0,0007
142,775 0,0009
169,381 0,0011
194,872 0,0016
288,667 0,0025
352,457 0,0034
375,194 0,0056
396,614 0,0095
419,665 0,0131
435,779 0,0192
399,479 0,0256
344,411 0,0279

Graph

Stress vs strain
500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03

6
 6.2.1) 0,0040

6,2,2) 435,8 N/𝐦𝟐

6.3)
6.3.1) 𝚬 = 𝝈ℇ

𝟒𝟑𝟓,𝟕𝟕𝟗−𝟔𝟎,𝟎𝟔𝟖
= 𝟎,𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔−𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕

=15088,765 Pa

6.3.2) 365 N/𝐦𝟐

6.3.3) 𝝈𝒏=𝒇
𝑨

𝒇
400 =
𝟕,𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟗×𝟏𝟎−𝟓

F = 0,03

𝑨𝑶 −𝑨𝑭
6.3.4) %A =
𝑨𝑶

= 0,50 %

𝟏𝟏𝟓,𝟑−𝟏𝟎𝟐,𝟖
6.3.5) %ELONGATION =
𝟏𝟏𝟓,𝟑

= 0,11%

7
DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES

The metal specimen shows to have the properties of a ductile material. Ductility is the ability

to be stretched without breaking. After the elastic region there is a strange deformation

called the neck forming at the middle of the metal specimen. Permanent deformation occurs

in this plastic region. Ductile material tends to take a lot of load or stress to break. Ductile

material is very strong n can bend easily. A lot of deformation takes place before the

specimen breaks or fractures.

CONCLUSION

The metal specimen seems to have a higher tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. As

the curve of the graph remains linear the metal is still in the elastic form meaning that it can

still retain it shape and length if the load is removed from the metal. Where the graph takes a

curve the metal is now partially plastic which mean the metal does not return to its original

shape and length once it passes that stage. From there on it reaches the ultimate tensile

strength where the metal can no longer take any load applied to it therefore forming the neck

where the fracture will occur.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chen, F., 2020. Michigan Tech. [Online]
[Accessed 19 october 2021].
JAMES.D, 2021. WIKIPEDIA. [Online]
[Accessed 16 OCTOBER 2021].