Ension Embers: Chinmoy Kolay

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Tension Members
CE371A: Design of Steel Structures
TENSION MEMBERS
Chinmoy Kolay
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
INTRODUCTION
2019-20-I Semester 36 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

INTRODUCTION
(Figure from Subramanian)
C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 3
TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS

MEMBER END CONNECTIONS
STRENGTH LIMIT STATES OR FAILURE

MODES

STRENGTH LIMIT STATES OR FAILURE MODES

❑ Yielding of gross section away from connection
❑ Net section rupture at connection
❑ Block shear fracture
Gusset plate
X
𝑓𝑦
X Section X-X
Net section rupture Yielding of gross section Block shear failure
YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION

❑ Yielding of gross section away from connection
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦
❑ Design strength 𝑇𝑑𝑔 = Cl. 6.2
𝛾𝑚0
➢ 𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-sectional area
➢ 𝑓𝑦 =characteristic yield stress
• e.g., 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa for E250A steel
➢ 𝛾𝑚0 = 1.10 = partial safety factor for material

• See Table 5, IS 800

NET SECTION RUPTURE

❑ Plates with holes
Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of

Georgia Institute of Technology
(Copyright© AISC)
NET SECTION RUPTURE…


❑ Plates and Angles with Both Legs Connected
0.9𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢
➢ Design strength 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = Cl. 6.3.1
𝛾𝑚1
• 𝑓𝑢 = characteristic ultimate tensile stress
– e.g., 𝑓𝑢 = 410 MPa for E250A steel
• 𝐴𝑛 = Net cross-sectional area
• 𝛾𝑚1 = 1.25 = Partial safety factor for material
– See Table 5, IS 800
• 0.9 factor to account for no reserve strength beyond ultimate
stress

❑ Net Cross-Sectional Area: Plates Cl. 6.3.1
• Path A-B: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ 𝑡 • Path A-B: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ 𝑡

• 𝑛 = number of bolt holes • Path A-C-D: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 2𝑑ℎ +
𝑝𝑠2
𝑡
4𝑔
• 𝑡 = thickness of plate
Empirical length correction factor


❑ Net Cross-Sectional Area: Plates
➢ General Case
Cl. 6.3.1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
➢ Net area along path A-B-C-D-E-F-G:
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
number of inclined legs

❑ Net Cross-Sectional Area: Angles Cl. 6.3.1
𝑤2
𝑤1
➢ Unfold the angle and treat like a plate

• Net area along path a-b-d-e: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 − 𝑡 − 2𝑑ℎ 𝑡
• Net area along path a-b-c-d-e:
𝑝2 𝑝2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 − 𝑡 − 3𝑑ℎ + ෍ +෍ ∗ 𝑡
4𝑔𝑐 4𝑔
– 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 are widths of two legs


❑ Welded Plates
➢ Design strength
0.9𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑢 0.9𝛾𝑚0 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑢 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = = = 0.792 𝑇𝑑𝑔
𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑢
➢ ratio reduces for high-strength steels
𝑓𝑦
• Hence, 𝑇𝑑𝑛 starts to govern

➢ However, welding is not permitted for E300 to E650 grade
steels (Cl. 7.3, IS 2062-2011)

❑ Angle Section: One Leg Connected
➢ Net section rupture strength is affected by shear lag
Non-uniform stress distribution in eccentrically loaded tension member

(Figures from Subramanian)


❑ Shear Lag
Shear lag in tension member

❑ Angle Section: One Leg Connected Cl. 6.3.3
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐 𝑓𝑢 𝛽𝐴𝑔𝑜 𝑓𝑦
➢ Design strength 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = +
𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
• 𝛽 = 1.4 − 0.076 subject to
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
𝑡
𝑓𝑢 𝛾𝑚0
• 0.7 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 0.9
𝑓𝑦 𝛾𝑚1
𝑤 𝑤
– 𝑤 = outstanding leg width
– 𝑏𝑠 = shear lag width 𝑔
𝑏𝑠 = 𝑤 + 𝑔 − 𝑡 𝑏𝑠 = 𝑤
– 𝐿𝑐 = length of connection
– 𝐴𝑛𝑐 = net area of connected leg
– 𝐴𝑔𝑜 = gross area of outstanding leg


❑ Threaded Rods Cl. 6.3.2
0.9𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢
➢ Design strength 𝑇𝑑𝑛 =
𝛾𝑚1
• 𝐴𝑛 = Net root area at the threaded section
BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
Angle tension member
Plate tension member Block shear in gusset plate Block shear in tension member
(Figures from Segui)

BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE…
Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia

Institute of Technology (Copyright© AISC)
BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE EXPERIMENT

BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE EXPERIMENT…
Block shear in gusset plate for welded tension member
Block shear in I or T Sections


❑ Design strength Cl. 6.3.3
➢ Yielding along shear planes & rupture along tension plane

𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = +
3𝛾𝑚0 𝛾𝑚1
𝑓𝑦
• = shear yield stress based on von Mises yield criteria
3
➢ Rupture along shear planes & yielding along tension plane

0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = +
3𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0
𝑓𝑢
• = ultimate stress in shear
3
➢ Design strength 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = min 𝑇𝑑𝑏1 , 𝑇𝑑𝑏2
DESIGN STRENGTH
➢ Design strength considering all three limit states
𝑇𝑑 = min 𝑇𝑑𝑔 , 𝑇𝑑𝑛 , 𝑇𝑑𝑏

STIFFNESS CRITERION
STIFFNESS OF TENSION MEMBERS

❑ Stability is not an issue in tension members
❑ Still need to limit length of tension members
➢ Prevent member from becoming too flexible during erection
and final use
➢ Too long tension members may sag excessively due to self
weight and
➢ May also vibrate when subjected to wind forces

STIFFNESS OF TENSION MEMBERS…

❑ Slenderness ratio 𝐿/𝑟 needs to be limited as per
Table 3 Cl. 3.8
➢ 𝐿 = length of the member
➢ 𝑟 = least radius of gyration

Example 1: Determination of Net Section Area

Compute the net area (smallest) for the plate shown below. The holes are for 20 mm
diameter bolts.
Solution:
Diameter of hole, dh ≔ ((20 + 2)) ⋅ mm (Table 19, IS 800)
Plate dimension: thickness t ≔ 16 mm ; width b ≔ ((60 + 100 + 100 + 60)) ⋅ mm
Gross section area, Ag ≔ b ⋅ t = 5120 mm 2
Failure path: abde
Net section area, An1 ≔ Ag - 2 ⋅ dh ⋅ t = 4416 mm 2
Failure path: abcde

Staggered pitch, ps ≔ 60 mm ; Gauge length, g ≔ 100 mm
ps 2
Net section area, An2 ≔ Ag - 3 ⋅ dh ⋅ t + 2 ⋅ ―― ⋅ t = 4352 mm 2
4⋅g
Failure path: abcfh

ps 2
Net section area, An3 ≔ Ag - 3 ⋅ dh ⋅ t + 2 ⋅ ―― ⋅ t = 4352 mm 2
4⋅g
Note that the failure paths abde and abcde must resist the full load T , whereas the failure
10
path abcfh will be subjected to only ― of the applied load because the bolt at d has
11
1
already transferred ― of the load assuming that each fastener (here bolt) of the same
11
size resists an equal share of load (an assumption used in simple connection design, which
will be covered later in the course). So, here we have 11 bolts, and each one of them carry
1
― of the applied load. Therefore, to compare the net area of this (abcfh) failure path with
11
11
the other net areas, we must multiply this net area by ― .
10
11
Hence, An3 ≔ ― ⋅ An3 = 4787.2 mm 2
10
Failure path: ijfh

8
However, this failure path is only subjected to ― of the load because three bolts have
11
the other net areas, we must multiply this net area by ― .
10
11
Hence,
CE371A: n3 ≔
DesignAof ⋅ An3 = 4787.2 mm 2
―Structures
Steel Tension Members
10
Failure path: ijfh

8
However, this failure path is only subjected to ― of the load because three bolts have
11
already transferred their share.
11
Hence, actual net area, An4 ≔ ― ⋅ An4 = 6072 mm 2
8
As you can see, the failure paths abde and ijfh both involve 2 bolts without any staggered
bolts. However, the net area for path ijfh is much larger than that of abde. Therefore, you
don't have to compute the net area considering all similar failure paths (in this case abde
and ijfh are similar).
So, the governing net area, An ≔ min ⎛⎝An1 , An2 , An3 , An4⎞⎠ = 4352 mm 2

Example 2
Determine the design strength of the plate with holes for M16 bolts. Assume E250 steel
and note that the gusset plate is thicker than the tension member.
Solution
Steel material properties: fy ≔ 250 MPa ; fu ≔ 410 MPa
Plate thickness: t ≔ 12 mm ; plate width b ≔ 130 mm ; bolt diameter: db ≔ 16 mm ;
Hole diameter: dh ≔ db + 2 mm = 18 mm (Ref: Table 19, IS 800)
Partial safety factors for material: γm0 ≔ 1.10 and γm1 ≔ 1.25
(a) Limit state-1: Yielding of gross section

Gross cross sectional area: Ag ≔ b ⋅ t = 1560 mm 2
Ag ⋅ fy
Strength governed by gross section yielding, Tdg ≔ ―― = 354.545 kN
γm0
(b) Limit state-2: Rupture at net section
Net cross sectional area: An ≔ ⎛⎝b - 2 dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = ⎛⎝1.128 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
0.9 ⋅ An ⋅ fu
Strength governed by net section rupture Tdn ≔ ―――― = 332.986 kN
γm1
(c) Limit state-3: Block shear failure

Case 1:
Gross shear area:
Avg ≔ ((60 mm + 35 mm )) ⋅ ((t)) ⋅ 2 = 2280 mm 2
Net shear area:
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm + 35 mm - 1.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t ⋅ 2 = 1632 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 60 mm ⋅ t = 720 mm 2
Net tension area:
Atn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm - dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 504 mm 2
Block shear strength due to yielding along shear planes and rupture along tension plane,
Avg ⋅ fy Atn ⋅ fu
Tdb11 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 447.953 kN
2019-20-I Semester‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γm1 53 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
Block shear strength due to rupture along shear planes and yielding along tension plane,
Avn ⋅ fu Atg ⋅ fy
vn ⎝ h⎠
Gross tension area:
Atg
CE371A: ≔ 60 ofmm
Design Steel = 720 mm 2
⋅ t Structures Tension Members
Net tension area:
Atn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm - dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 504 mm 2
Tdb11 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 447.953 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γ m1
Tdb21 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 441.784 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Block shear strength: Tdb1 ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdb11 , Tdb21⎞⎠ = 441.784 kN
Case 2:
Gross shear area (same as Case-1):
Avg ≔ ((60 mm + 35 mm )) ⋅ ((t)) ⋅ 2 = 2280 mm 2
Net shear area (same as Case-1):
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm + 35 mm - 1.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t ⋅ 2 = 1632 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 2 ⋅ 35 mm ⋅ t = 840 mm 2
Net tension area:
⎛ dh ⎞
Atn ≔ 2 ⎜35 mm - ―⎟ ⋅ t = 624 mm 2
⎝ 2⎠
Block shear strength due to yielding along shear planes and rupture along tension planes,
Tdb12 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 483.377 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γm1
Block shear strength due to rupture along shear planes and yielding along tension planes,
Tdb22 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 469.057 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Case 3:
Gross shear area (exactly half of that in Case-1 & 2
because only one shear plane):
Avg ≔ ((60 mm + 35 mm )) ⋅ ((t)) = 1140 mm 2
Net shear area (exactly half of that in Case-1 & 2
because only one shear plane):
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm + 35 mm - 1.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 816 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ ((60 + 35)) mm ⋅ t = ⎛⎝1.14 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
Net tension area:
Atn ≔ ⎛⎝60 mm + 35 mm - 1.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 816 mm 2
Block shear strength due to yielding along shear plane and rupture along tension plane,
Tdb13 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 390.469 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γ m1
Block shear strength due to rupture along shear plane and yielding along tension plane,
Tdb23 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 398.165 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Block
2019-20-I shear strength: Tdb3 ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdb13 , Tdb23
Semester
⎞
54⎠ = 390.469 kN C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
Block shear strength due to yielding along shear plane and rupture along tension plane,
CE371A: Design A ⋅ fy Structures
ofvgSteel Atn ⋅ fu Tension Members
Tdb13 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 390.469 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γ m1
Block shear strength due to rupture along shear plane and yielding along tension plane,
Tdb23 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 398.165 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Therefore, the block shear strength of the tension member is

Tdb ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdb1 , Tdb2 , Tdb3⎞⎠ = 390.469 kN
Design strength of the member Td ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdg , Tdn , Tdb⎞⎠ = 332.986 kN

Example 3
A single unequal angle ISA100x75x6 is connected to a 10 mm thick gusset plate at the
ends with six 16 mm dia bolts to transfer tension as shown below. Determine the design
tensile strength of the angle if the gusset plate is connected to the 100 mm leg. Assume
E250 steel.
Figure from Subramanian
Solution

Thickness: t ≔ 6 mm ; Bolt diameter: db ≔ 16 mm ; tg ≔ 10 mm
Hole diameter: dh ≔ db + 2 mm = 18 mm (Ref: Table 19, IS 800)

Gross cross sectional area: Ag ≔ 10.1 cm 2 = 1010 mm 2 (Table 6.1, IS 808)
Ag ⋅ fy
γm0
⎛ t ⎞
Net cross sectional area of connected leg: Anc ≔ ⎜100 mm - ―- dh⎟ ⋅ t = 474 mm 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ t ⎞ 2
Gross cross sectiona area of outstanding leg: Ago ≔ ⎜75 mm - ― ⎟ ⋅ t = 432 mm
⎝ 2⎠
Outstanding leg width: w ≔ 75 mm ; w1 ≔ 60 mm

Shear lag width: bs ≔ w + w1 - t = 129 mm
Length of connection: Lc ≔ 5 ⋅ 40 mm = 200 mm
⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ bs ⎞
β ≔ 1.4 - 0.076 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1.026
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ fu ⎠ ⎝ Lc ⎠
βmin ≔ 0.7
⎛ fu ⎞ ⎛ γm0 ⎞
βmax ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 1.299
⎝ fy ⎠ ⎝ γm1 ⎠
Therefore, use β = 1.026
Strength governed by rupture at net section: Calculate
Anc ⋅ fu Ago ⋅ fy Tdn
Tdn ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ――― + β ⋅ ――― = 240.696 kN α ≔ ――――― ⋅ γ = 0.81
γm1 γm0 ⎛⎝Anc + Ago⎞⎠ ⋅ fu m1

⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ m1 ⎠
Strength
CE371A: Design governed by rupture at net section:
of Steel Structures Tension Members
Anc ⋅ fu Ago ⋅ fy
Tdn ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ――― + β ⋅ ――― = 240.696 kN
γm1 γm0

Gross shear area:
Avg ≔ ((40 mm + 5 ⋅ 40 mm )) ⋅ t = 1440 mm 2
Net shear area:
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝40 mm + 5 ⋅ 40 mm - 5.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 846 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 40 mm ⋅ t = 240 mm 2
Net tension area:
⎛ dh ⎞
Atn ≔ ⎜40 mm - ―⎟ ⋅ t = 186 mm 2
⎝ 2⎠
Tdb1 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 243.858 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γm1
Tdb2 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 198.732 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Block shear strength: Tdb ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdb1 , Tdb2⎞⎠ = 198.732 kN
Design strength of the tension member: Td ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdg , Tdn , Tdb⎞⎠ = 198.732 kN
Example 4
Now consider that the same tension member is welded to the gusset plate as shown below.
Determine the design tensile strength.
Figure from Subramanian
Solution
Remains same as before. Tdg = 229.545 kN

⎛ t⎞ 2
Cross sectional area of connected leg: Anc ≔ ⎜100 mm - ― ⎟ ⋅ t = 582 mm
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ t⎞ 2
Gross sectional area of outstanding leg: Ago ≔ ⎜75 mm - ― ⎟ ⋅ t = 432 mm
⎝ 2⎠
Shear lag width: bs ≔ w = 75 mm
((140 + 310))
Assuming average length of weld, length of connection: Lc ≔ ――――mm = 225 mm
2
2019-20-I Semester ⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ fy
⎞ ⎛ b s
⎞ 57 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
β ≔ 1.4 - 0.076 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1.207
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ fu ⎠ ⎝ Lc ⎠
β ≔ 0.7
⎛ t⎞ 2
Cross
CE371A: sectional
Design of Steelarea of connected leg: Anc ≔ ⎜100 mm - ―
Structures ⎟ ⋅ t = 582 mm Tension Members
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ t⎞ 2
Gross sectional area of outstanding leg: Ago ≔ ⎜75 mm - ― ⎟ ⋅ t = 432 mm
⎝ 2 ⎠
Shear lag width: bs ≔ w = 75 mm
((140 + 310))
Assuming average length of weld, length of connection: Lc ≔ ――――mm = 225 mm
2
⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ bs ⎞
β ≔ 1.4 - 0.076 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1.207
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ fu ⎠ ⎝ Lc ⎠
βmin ≔ 0.7
⎛ fu ⎞ ⎛ γm0 ⎞
βmax ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 1.299
⎝ fy ⎠ ⎝ γm1 ⎠
Strength governed by rupture at net section:
Tdn ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ――― + β ⋅ ――― = 290.303 kN
γm1 γm0
Since the tension member is welded to the gusset plate, block shear failure cannot occur in
the member. However, block shear failure can occur in the gusset plate, which is really a
topic of connection design. Nevertheless, we will calculate here the block shear strength of
the gusset plate because we can apply the same principle that we used earlier. Also note
that no net areas area involved here since the tension member is welded to the gusset
plate.
Gross shear area:
Avg ≔ 2 ⋅ 310 mm ⋅ tg = 6200 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 100 mm ⋅ tg = 1000 mm 2
Avg ⋅ fy Atg ⋅ fu
Tdb1 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 1108.739 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γm1
Avg ⋅ fu Atg ⋅ fy
Tdb2 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 1283.962 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γ m0

Design strength of the tension member: Td ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdg , Tdn , Tdb⎞⎠ = 229.545 kN
Tdn
Calculate α ≔ ――――― ⋅ γ = 0.873 to see how good is the equation for preliminary
⎛⎝Anc + Ago⎞⎠ ⋅ fu m1
sizing.

Example 5
Design a tension diagonal member for a roof truss of E250A steel using IS800 Limit State
Design. The axial tension is 200 kN dead load and 50 kN live load, and the member is 4 m
long. Assume 5-20 dia bolts are located on a single gauge line in standard holes as shown
below. Also assume that the minimum width of the connected leg is 70 mm.
1. Select the lightest single angle member and perform design checks
2. Select the lightest double angle member and perform design checks
Solution
DL ≔ 200 kN and LL ≔ 50 kN
Therefore, factored axial load: Tu ≔ 1.5 ⋅ DL + 1.5 ⋅ LL = 375 kN
Bolt diameter: db ≔ 20 mm ; Hole diameter: dh ≔ db + 2 mm = 22 mm (Ref: Table 19, IS
800)
Tu
Required gross area, Agreq ≔ ― ⋅ γm0 = 1650 mm 2
fy
Assuming α ≔ 0.8 for more than 4 bolts (IS 800), required net area
Tu
Anreq ≔ ――⋅ γm1 = 1429.116 mm 2
α ⋅ fu
Note that the required gross area calculated based on the approximate required net area
will change with the chosen thickness of the angle.
Case-1: Design of Single Angle Members
ISA80x80x12:
t ≔ 12 mm ; Ahole ≔ t ⋅ dh = 264 mm 2 ; Ag ≔ max ⎛⎝Anreq + Ahole , Agreq⎞⎠ = 1693.116 mm 2 ;
Agsec ≔ 17.8 cm 2 = 1780 mm 2 ; rv ≔ 1.54 cm = 15.4 mm
ISA90x90x10:
t ≔ 10 mm ; Ahole ≔ t ⋅ dh = 220 mm 2 ; Ag ≔ max ⎛⎝Anreq + Ahole , Agreq⎞⎠ = 1650 mm 2 ;
Agsec ≔ 17 ⋅ cm 2 = 1700 mm 2 ; rv ≔ 1.74 cm = 17.4 mm
ISA90x60x12:
Agsec ≔ 16.6 ⋅ cm 2 = 1660 mm 2 Not good!
ISA100x75x10:
Agsec
2019-20-I ≔ 16.5 ⋅ cm 2 = 1650 mm 2 ; rv ≔ 1.58 cm
Semester 59 = 15.8 mm C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
ISA125x95x8:
ISA90x60x12:
t ≔ 12 mm ; Ahole ≔ t ⋅ dh = 264 mm ; Ag ≔ max ⎛⎝Anreq + Ahole , Agreq⎞⎠ = 1693.116 mm 2 ;
2
Agsec ≔ 16.6 ⋅ cm 2 = 1660 mm 2 Not good!
ISA100x75x10:
Agsec ≔ 16.5 ⋅ cm 2 = 1650 mm 2 ; rv ≔ 1.58 cm = 15.8 mm
ISA125x95x8:
Let us try ISA100x75x10 with the 100 mm leg connected to the gusset plate.
Thickness: t ≔ 10 mm ; Gross section area: Ag ≔ 16.5 ⋅ cm 2 = 1650 mm 2 ; rv ≔ 1.58 cm

Ag ⋅ fy
Strength governed by gross section yielding, Tdg ≔ ―― = 375 kN
γm0
⎛ t ⎞
Net cross sectional area of connected leg: Anc ≔ ⎜100 mm - ―- dh⎟ ⋅ t = 730 mm 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ t⎞ 2
Gross cross sectiona area of outstanding leg: Ago ≔ ⎜75 mm - ― ⎟ ⋅ t = 700 mm
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ bs ⎞
β ≔ 1.4 - 0.076 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1.219
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ fu ⎠ ⎝ Lc ⎠
βmin ≔ 0.7
⎛ fu ⎞ ⎛ γm0 ⎞
βmax ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 1.299
⎝ fy ⎠ ⎝ γm1 ⎠
Therefore, use
β ≔ min ⎛⎝max ⎛⎝β , βmin⎞⎠ , βmax⎞⎠ = 1.219 Check assumed α
Strength governed by rupture at net section: Tdn
Anc ⋅ fu Ago ⋅ fy α ≔ ――――― ⋅ γ = 0.873
⎛⎝Anc + Ago⎞⎠ ⋅ fu m1
Tdn ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ――― + β ⋅ ――― = 409.424 kN
γm1 γm0

Gross shear area:
Avg ≔ ((40 mm + 4 ⋅ 60 mm )) ⋅ t = 2800 mm 2
Net shear area:
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝40 mm + 4 ⋅ 60 mm - 4.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 1810 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 40 mm ⋅ t = 400 mm 2
Net tension area:
⎛ dh ⎞
Atn ≔ ⎜40 mm - ―⎟ ⋅ t = 290 mm 2
⎝ 2⎠
Tdb1 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 453.013 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0
2019-20-I Semester γm1 60 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
Tdb1 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 453.013 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γm1
Tdb2 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 399.394 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Design strength of the tension member: Td ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdg , Tdn , Tdb⎞⎠ = 375 kN , which is equal
to the factored axial load Tu = 375 kN
(d) Check slenderness ratio

L ≔ 4 m = 4000 mm ; r ≔ rv = 15.8 mm
L
Slenderness ratio: ―= 253.165 less than 350 (Table 3, IS 800).
r
Hence, use ISA100x75x10 single angle
Case-2: Design of Double Angle Member

1 ⎛ Tu ⎞
Required gross area for one angle, Agreq ≔ ―⎜― ⋅ γm0⎟ = 825 mm 2
2 ⎝ fy ⎠
Assuming α ≔ 0.8 for more than 4 bolts (IS 800), required net area for one angle
1 ⎛ Tu ⎞
Anreq ≔ ―⋅ ⎜――⋅ γm1⎟ = 714.558 mm 2
2 ⎝ α ⋅ fu ⎠
2-ISA75x75x6:
Agsec ≔ 8.96 cm 2 = 896 mm 2 ; rx ≔ 2.30 cm ; ry ≔ 2.30 ⋅ cm
2-ISA70x45x8:
Agsec ≔ 8.58 cm 2 = 858 mm 2 ; Not good
2-ISA90x60x6:
2-ISA100x50x6:
Let us try 2-ISA90x60x6 with the 90 mm legs connected to the gusset plate.
Thickness: t ≔ 6 mm ; Gross section area: Ag ≔ 2 ⋅ 8.65 ⋅ cm 2 = 1730 mm 2 ;
rx ≔ 2.86 cm and ry ≔ 1.71 cm ; Cx ≔ 2.87 ⋅ cm and Cy ≔ 1.39 ⋅ cm
Assume gusset plate thickness: tg ≔ 10 mm

Ag ⋅ fy
Strength
2019-20-I governed by gross section yielding, 61
Semester Tdg ≔ ―― = 393.182 kN C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur
γm0
Thickness: t ≔ 6 mm ; Gross section area: Ag ≔ 2 ⋅ 8.65 ⋅ cm 2 = 1730 mm 2 ;
rx ≔ 2.86 cm and ry ≔ 1.71 cm ; Cx ≔ 2.87 ⋅ cm and Cy ≔ 1.39 ⋅ cm
Assume gusset plate thickness: tg ≔ 10 mm

Ag ⋅ fy
γm0
⎛ t ⎞
Net cross sectional area of connected leg: Anc ≔ 2 ⎜90 mm - ―- dh⎟ ⋅ t = 780 mm 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ t⎞ 2
Gross cross sectiona area of outstanding leg: Ago ≔ 2 ⎜60 mm - ―⎟ ⋅ t = 684 mm
⎝ 2⎠

⎛ w ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ bs ⎞
β ≔ 1.4 - 0.076 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 1.199
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ fu ⎠ ⎝ Lc ⎠
βmin ≔ 0.7
⎛ fu ⎞ ⎛ γm0 ⎞
βmax ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ⎜―⎟ ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 1.299
⎝ fy ⎠ ⎝ γm1 ⎠
Therefore,use β ≔ min ⎛⎝max ⎛⎝β , βmin⎞⎠ , βmax⎞⎠ = 1.199
Strength governed by rupture at net section:
Tdn ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ――― + β ⋅ ――― = 416.675 kN
γm1 γm0
Calculation for each angle:
Gross shear area:
Avg ≔ ((40 mm + 4 ⋅ 60 mm )) ⋅ t = 1680 mm 2
Net shear area:
Avn ≔ ⎛⎝40 mm + 4 ⋅ 60 mm - 4.5 ⋅ dh⎞⎠ ⋅ t = 1086 mm 2
Gross tension area:
Atg ≔ 40 mm ⋅ t = 240 mm 2
Net tension area:
⎛ dh ⎞
Atn ≔ ⎜40 mm - ―⎟ ⋅ t = 174 mm 2
⎝ 2⎠
Tdb1 ≔ ―――+ 0.9 ――― = 271.808 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm0 γ m1
Tdb2 ≔ 0.9 ⋅ ―――+ ――― = 239.637 kN
‾‾
3 ⋅ γm1 γm0
Block shear strength for the double angle: Tdb ≔ 2 min ⎛⎝Tdb1 , Tdb2⎞⎠ = 479.273 kN
Design strength of the tension member: Td ≔ min ⎛⎝Tdg , Tdn , Tdb⎞⎠ = 393.182 kN , which is
greater than the factored axial load Tu = 375 kN

(d) Check slenderness ratio

L ≔ 4 m = 4000 mm ;
rX ≔ rx = 28.6 mm
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
2
⎛ tg ⎞
rY ≔ ry + ⎜Cy + ―⎟ = 25.488 mm
⎝ 2⎠
Therefore, r ≔ min ⎛⎝rX , rY⎞⎠ = 25.488 mm
L
Slenderness ratio: ―= 156.939 less than 350 (Table 3,
r
IS 800).
Hence, use 2-ISA90x60x6

Ension Embers: Chinmoy Kolay

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Tension Members

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures

2019-20-I Semester 36 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

(Figure from Subramanian)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 3

TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS

(Figure from Subramanian)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 4

2019-20-I Semester 37 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

MEMBER END CONNECTIONS

(Figure from Subramanian)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 5

STRENGTH LIMIT STATES OR FAILURE

2019-20-I Semester 38 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

STRENGTH LIMIT STATES OR FAILURE MODES

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 7

YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION

➢ 𝛾𝑚0 = 1.10 = partial safety factor for material

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 8

2019-20-I Semester 39 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE

(Figure from Subramanian)

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 9

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 10

2019-20-I Semester 40 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 11

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

• Path A-B: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ 𝑡 • Path A-B: 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ 𝑡

Empirical length correction factor

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 12

2019-20-I Semester 41 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

(Figure from Subramanian)

➢ Unfold the angle and treat like a plate

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 14

2019-20-I Semester 42 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

• Hence, 𝑇𝑑𝑛 starts to govern

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 15

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

Non-uniform stress distribution in eccentrically loaded tension member

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 16

2019-20-I Semester 43 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

Shear lag in tension member

(Figure from Subramanian)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 17

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 18

2019-20-I Semester 44 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

NET SECTION RUPTURE…

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 19

BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE

Angle tension member

2019-20-I Semester 45 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE…

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia

BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE EXPERIMENT

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 22