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Sungjin Bae is a Senior Structural Engineer at Bechtel

Corporation, Frederick, MD. He received his BS and MS from
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, and his PhD from the
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. He is a member of
ACI Committee 209, Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete; 349,
Concrete Nuclear Structures; Working Group on Design (SC-3C) of Joint ACI-
ASME Committee 359, Nuclear Concrete Containments; and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 441, Reinforced Concrete Columns. His research interests include
Reinforced Concrete Columns with the behavior and performance-based design of concrete columns and design of
nuclear structures, foundations for dynamic equipment, and chimneys.
High-Strength Concrete and Steel
Reinforcement, Part 1
ACI Fall 2012 Convention
October 21 – 24, Toronto, ON
ACI ACI
WEB SESSIONS WEB SESSIONS

Concrete Rectagular Stress Block

Examination of Stress Block Parameters
for High-Strength Concrete
b C = (fcb)dx C = (1fc’)ab
in the Context of ACI 318 Code 0.003 1fc’
s1
c 1c
d H x

As Asfs Asfs
Sungjin Bae s

Senior Engineer, Bechtel Power (a) (b) (c) (d)

Section Shape Strain distributions Stress distribution Rectangular
stress distribution
Oguzhan Bayrak
Associate Professor, University of Texas at Austin ACI 318 concrete stress block
1 = 0.85
1 = 0.85-0.05/1000(fc’-4000); 0.8510.65

ACI 318-11 Provisions Related to Concrete ACI 318-11 Provisions Related to Concrete
Stress Block Parameter(s) Stress Block Parameter(s)
1 1 1 1

CHAPTER 10. FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS CHAPTER 22. STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
10.2 ‒ Design 10.2.7 ‒ Equivalent rectangular concrete 10.2.7 ‒ Equivalent rectangular concrete 22.5 ‒ Strength 22.5.1 ‒ Design of cross sections
assumptions stress distribution stress distribution design .
10.3 ‒ General 10.3.6 ‒ Design axial strength of if compression controls, where is the
principles and compression members corresponding elastic section modulus.
requirements 0.85 .
, APPENDIX A. STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
, 0.80 .
A.3 ‒ Strength A.3.2 ‒ The effective compressive strength
10.14 ‒ 10.14.1 ‒ Design bearing strength of
of struts of the concrete in a strut
Bearing concrete shall not exceed . .
.
strength
A.5 ‒ Strength A.5.2 ‒ The calculated effective compressive
CHAPTER 18. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE of nodal zones stress on a face of a nodal zone due to the
18.7 ‒ Flexural 18.7.2(a) For members with bonded strut-and-tie forces
strength tendons .

γ
1 ρ ω ω

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ACI 318 Concrete Stress Block for HSC Issues on Various Concrete Stress Blocks

 Many test results indicated that the ACI 318 concrete stress block  Various expressions of concrete stress block have been proposed.
tend to overpredict the axial and flexural strength of high-strength But their performance is not fully studied.
concrete (HSC) columns.
 The impact of the change of stress block on other design
(14ksi)
(18ksi) provisions in ACI 318 has not been examined.

Concrete Stress Blocks: Codes

1 = 0.85
ACI 318 (2011)  1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.05/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
0.85   1  0.65
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.010/1,000fc
1  0.67
CSA A23.3 (2004)
 1 = 0.97 ‒ 0.017/1,000fc
- Ozbakkaloglu and Saatcioglu (2004) -  1  0.67
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.028/1,000(fc ‒ 8,000)
 Little guideline has been provided for the concrete strength which NZS 3101 (2006) 0.85  1  0.75
the ACI 318 concrete stress block should be avoided. (or Li et al. (1994))  1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.05/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
0.85   1  0.65

(fc in psi)

Concrete Stress Blocks: Proposals Comparison of Concrete Stress Blocks

1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.0086/1,000fc
Ibrahim and MacGregor 1  0.725
(1997) 1 = 0.95 ‒ 0.0172/1,000fc
1  0.70
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.028/1,000(fc ‒ 10,000)
0.85  1  0.67
Bae and Bayrak (2003)
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.028/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
0.85  1  0.67
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.01/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
Ozbakkaloglu and Saatcioglu 0.85  1  0.72
(2004) 1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.013/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
0.85  1  0.67
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.05/1,000(fc ‒ 10,000)
0.85  1  0.60
Azizinamini et al. (1994)
1 = 0.85 ‒ 0.05/1,000(fc ‒ 4,000)
0.85  1  0.65 (a) 1 parameter (b) 1 parameter
(fc in psi)

Influence of 1 and 1 parameters Evaluation of Stress Block Expressions

on P-M interaction curve for Chapter 10 of ACI 318-11
1.25

- FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS -

1

0.75

1 = 0.85; 1 = 0.85  224 tested column database are used.

P/Po

0.5
1 = 0.85; 1 = 0.65
 Rectangular concrete columns
0.25
1 = 0.65; 1 = 0.85
P/Po = 0.1
1 = 0.65; 1 = 0.65
0  Compressive strengths of concrete: 1.5 ksi to 18.8 ksi.

‐0.25  Yield strengths of rebars: 44 ksi to 82 ksi.

 The change of  1 parameter
0 0.5 1has small
1.5 influence
2 2.5 on3 interaction curves
compared to 1 parameter. M/(Mn at P = 0)
 Applied axial load: 0.08Po to 0.89Po
 Interaction curves are less sensitive to the difference of stress block
expressions when the axial load level is small (P/Po  0.1). As such,
flexural strengths of high-strength concrete beams can be calculated
using the ACI 318 stress block.

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Typical Comparison of Interaction Curves Development of Normalized Interaction

vs. Test Results Curves and Test Results
Original data

,
, _ _
_

, _
Normalized data 1.2 , _ _
_
1
Po,c
(Mexp,c_1, Pexp,c_1 )
bc = 24 in. 0.8

0.6
hc = 24 in.

Pc
Excerpt from Ozbakkaloglu and Saatcioglu (2004) 0.4
(Mexp,c_i, Pexp,c_i )
0.2
fcc = 4,000 psi (As,c /bchc = 1%)
(Mexp,c_2, Pexp,c_2 )
fyc = 60,000 psi 0

‐0.2
Mc
‐0.4

ACI 318 (2011) ACI 318 (2011)

1.2 1.2
8ksi  fc  12ksi 12ksi  fc  16ksi
1 1 16ksi  fc  19ksi
0.8 0.8
P/(bchc fcc)

P/(bchc fcc)
0.6 P = 0.80Po 0.6 P = 0.80Po
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
‐0.2 ‐0.2
M/(bchc2 fcc) M/(bchc2 fcc)
‐0.4 ‐0.4

(a) Columns with 8ksi  fc  12ksi (b) Columns with fc > 12ksi

, 0.80 0.85
0.80 0.800.65 0.52

CSA A23.3 (2004) NZS 3101 (2006)

3

Ibrahim and MacGregor (1997)
Ozbakkaloglu and Saatcioglu (2004)
Observations
 The ACI 318 stress block gives unconservative prediction of axial
and flexural strengths of columns as concrete strength becomes
higher.
 The ACI 318 stress block overpredicts column strengths when the
concrete strength is greater than 8,000 psi and the level of axial
load is high.
 However, the ACI 318 stress block can be used for column design
up to the concrete strength of 12,000 psi for practical column
design.
12/27/2012
Bae and Bayrak (2003)
Azizinamini et al. (1994)
Observations
 Regardless of the difference in stress block expressions, those of
NSZ 3101, Ibrahim and MacGregor (1997), Bae and Bayrak (2003)
and Ozbakkaloglu and Saatcioglu (2004) provide improved
predictions of axial and flexural strengths of concrete columns.
 The expressions of CSA A23.3 tends to be conservative.
 The expressions proposed by Azizinamini et al. (1994) produce
excessively conservative predictions.
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Evaluation of Stress Block Expressions

Predicted Bonded Tendon Stress
for Chapter 18 of ACI 318-11

- PRESTRESSED CONCRETE -

 Bonded tendon stress at flexural nominal strength

γ
1 ρ ω ω Eq. (18-1) in ACI 318-11
β

Evaluation of Stress Block Expressions

Predicted Bonded Tendon Stress
for Appendix A of ACI 318-11

- STRUT & TIE MODELS -

 Effective compressive strength of the concrete in a

strut
.

 Effective compressive stress on a face of a nodal zone

.

Comparison of Predicted Concrete Strut

Observations
Stress and Tested Results

Bahen and Sanders (2009)  The use of different expressions of β1 parameter has negligible
impact on the calculated tendon stresses at nominal moment.

 The examination of the predicted compressive strengths of bottle-

shaped struts indicated that the necessity to change 1 parameter
of 0.85 in ACI 318 for concrete strength greater than 6,000 psi.

 More research is required to come up with stress block expressions

which can provide consistent predictions of beam and column
strengths as well as the compressive strengths of struts and nodal
zones.

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Conclusions Conclusions

 Flexural strengths of high-strength concrete beams can be  The use of different expressions of β1 parameter has negligible
calculated using the ACI 318 stress block. impact on the calculated tendon stresses at nominal moment.

 The ACI 318 stress block gives unconservative prediction of axial  The examination of the predicted compressive strengths of bottle-
and flexural strengths of columns as concrete strength becomes shaped struts indicated that the necessity to change 1 parameter
higher. of 0.85 in ACI 318 for concrete strength greater than 6,000 psi.

 The ACI 318 stress block can be used for column design up to the
concrete strength of 12,000 psi for practical column design.