General Microscopic Anatomy
 Resolving power – capacity of the
and Embryology
 Microscopic Anatomy – the study of
normal tissues seen w/ the aid of
microscope
SCOPE
 Cytology – study of CELL
 Histology – study of group of
CELLS/TISSUES
 Organology – study of group of
TISSUES/ORGAN
 Embryology – study of the
DEVELOPMENT OF AN
ORGANISM/FETUS
MICROSCOPY
 TYPES OF LIGHT SOURCE
1. Visible Light source
a. Light/optical (most common)
b. Polarizing (Nicol Prism/ polaroid
sheet – coverts all the light)
c. Phase-Contrast
d. Interference
e. Dark-field
2. Non-visible light source
a. Ultraviolet – Quartz lens (Gives
fluorescence)
b. Electron – Beam og high
velocity electrons accelerated
vacuum scanning electron.
STAGE OF LENSES ( 3-4 lenses)
 Objective lens – 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x
 Occular lens – eye piece
 Total magnification – objective lens x
Occular lens.
 Condensing lens – help concetrate light
to its source.
TERMINOLOGIES
microscope to clearly separate 2pts
 Magnification – Ratio of the image to
the actual size of the image
 Refractive Index – measure of optical
density of an object in which it is
traverse.
TISSUE PREPARATION
 Histological Section
- Thin transparent shavings
- Cut from a little piece of body tissue
IMPORTANCE
 Help students distinguish normal tissue
from deceased tissue.
 Determine the cuase of death
 Determine cause of disease
 Research Purposes
STAINING
 Render cellular elements prominent
 Differentiate tissue element
 TYPES
a. Basic staining – Blue (under
hematoxyline)
b. Acidic stain – Red (Eosin)
- Cytoplasm part of the cell.
METHODS OF STAINING TISSUES
 Vital staining – stain the living body
through IV injection dye
1. INTRAVITAL
- Stain : Living body
- IV injection
 Tryphan
 Colloidal silver
2. SUPRAVITAL
- Stain : Living body/Tissue
- Immediately after death/removal of
the body
 - Dye  Oblique section ( ∕ )
 Neutral red dye
 Janus green

STAINING OF FIXED/ DEAD TISSUE

- Tissues are killed, embedded,
sectioned

STEPS IN TISSUE PREPARATION

 1ST : FIXATION/KILLING
- Prevents post mortem changes
- Uses fixation
 Zenker’s fluid
 Formaldehyde
 nd
2 : DEHYDRATION
- Drying tissue/remove tissue fluid
- Tissue is subjected in alcohol
(ethanol)
 3rd : CLEARING
- Tissue is made transluscent
- Reagaents : Benzene/ Xylol/Xylene,
Chloroform
 th
4 : EMBEDDING
- Embedded with wax to cut
specimen thinly
- Paraffin wax
- Colloidin
 5th SECTIONING
- Cut into very thin slices with a
microscope egg albumin ( 3 – 10
microns)
 th
6 : STAINING
- Applying of dye
- Reagents : Hematoxylene
(Blue/violet) & Eosin (Red/Pink)
 7th : MOUNTING
- Stained sections are placed on
slides.
- Canada Balsam – gummy medium
that hardens

3 BASIC TYPES OF SECTION

 Longhitudinal Section ( | )
 Cross section/traverse ( − )