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LESSON 2: ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

For the succeeding topics, we will consider the analysis of statically indeterminate structures. As
discussed in Theory of Structures 1, the prerequisite of this subject, the support reactions and internal
forces of statically determinate structures can be determined from the equations of equilibrium including the
equations of conditions, if any. However, since “Indeterminate Structures” have more support reactions
and/or members than the required number for static stability, the equilibrium equations are not sufficient for
determining the reactions and internal forces of the structures. Therefore a supplementary relationship
based on the geometry of deformation of structures is needed. These supplementary relationships, is
termed as “Compatibility Conditions” which ensures that the continuity of the displacements is maintain
throughout the structures.

In this part, we will discuss some of the important advantages and disadvantages of indeterminate
structures as compared to determinate structures and introduce fundamental concept of the indeterminate
structures analysis.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES:

 The following are some of the advantages of indeterminate structures;

a. The maximum stresses in statically indeterminate structures are generally lower than determinate
structures.
b. Statically indeterminate structures generally have higher stiffness, this means a smaller deformation.
c. Indeterminate structures have more members and/or support reactions than the required stability, so
if a part or/ member or/ support of the structure will fail, the entire structure will not necessarily
collapse and loads will be redistributed to the adjacent portion of the structure.

Let’s take an example: Consider a bridge shown in the figure below, Fig (A) and (B) shows the determinate
and indeterminate beams respectively. Suppose the beams are supporting bridges and that middle pier is
destroyed, the removal of support C in determinate structure will cause the entire structure to collapse this
is because the beam is supported just number of reactions required for static stability. However in the
indeterminate beam, the structure will remain stable even after support C fails, since it has one extra
reaction in the vertical direction.

Statically Determinate Beam

C
C Statically Indeterminate Beam
A B C
C
Internal hinge A B

C B
A
Internal hinge C B
A

Statically Stable
Statically Unstable

 The following are some of the disadvantages of indeterminate structures;

1. Stresses Due to Support Settlements Support: Support settlements do not cause any stresses
determinate structures, however they have significant effect in stresses in indeterminate structures,
which should be taken into account when designing indeterminate structures.

For example, a determinate and indeterminate beam is shown in figure below. As you can see in
figure (a), when support C of the determinate beams undergoes a small settlement ΔC, the portion AC
and BC which are connected by an internal hinge C moves as a rigid bodies without bending, that
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means they remain straight, hence no stresses is develop. However, when the continuous
indeterminate beam shown in figure (b) is subjected to a similar support settlement, it bends, and
bending moments develop in the beam.

Internal hinge

C C
C A B
A B

C B
C A
A B
ΔC
ΔC

Statically Determinate Beam Statically Indeterminate Beam

2. Stresses Due to Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors: These effects do not cause stresses in
determinate structures but may have a significant stresses in indeterminate.

For example, as you can see in the figure (a) below, when determinate beam is subjected to a
uniform temperature increase of ΔT, the beam will elongates with the axial deformation.
Determinate beam is free to elongate thus no stresses are develop. However in an indeterminate
beam as shown in figure (b) which is restrained from deforming axially by the fixed supports, a
similar temperature change is introduced that develops a compressive axial force. The effect of
fabrication errors for temperature changes on determinate and indeterminate structures is similar.
Statically Determinate Beam
B
A

L
E, A I

Statically Indeterminate Beam

A B

L
E, A I

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINANTE STRUCTURES

Fundamental Relationship:
Whether a structure is statically determinate or indeterminate, its complete analysis requires the use of
these three types of relationship namely:

 Equilibrium Equation: These relate the forces acting on the structure to ensure that the entire
structures together with its parts remain in equilibrium.
 Compatibility Conditions: This relates the displacement of a structure so that’s its parts fits together.
 Member force deformation Relations: It involves the material and cross sectional properties of the
members provide a link between the forces and displacement of the structure.
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LESSON 1: METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION (THE FORCE METHOD)

Lesson Outline
 Procedures and analysis of beams, trusses and frames with moments as redundant for a single
degree of indeterminacy
 Procedures for analysis of beams, trusses and frames with internal forces and moments as
redundant of a two degree of indeterminacy
 Structures with multiple degree of indeterminacy procedures for analysis of beams, trusses and
frames with moments as redundant

Learning Outcomes of the Lesson

At the end of the lesson the student will be able to:
 Students can identify the of degree of indeterminacy of a given structure
 Identify if the structure is determinate or indeterminate
 Learners can construct the deformation diagram of a particular structure by force method
 Students will be able to apply the equilibrium equation in solving the reactions of an
indeterminate structure by force method
 Students can calculate the deformations of the structure due to load and redundant forces.

METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION (FORCE METHOD)

Method of consistent deformation is a general formulation of the force (flexibility). It was introduced
by James C. Maxwell (1864). Method of consistent deformation involves removing enough restraints from
an indeterminate beam structures to transform it to its determinate form.

Determinate structure, which must be statically stable, is referred as PRIMARY STRUCTURE. The
excess restraints that are removed from the given indeterminate structure are called as the REDUNDANT
RESTRAINT. And lastly the reactions or internal forces associated with these restraints are referred as
REDUNDANTS.

STRUCTURES WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY

EXAMPLE:

RBh
A B

RA RC RBv

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Procedure 1: Determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given structure

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# of unknowns (4) is not equal to the # of equation

(INDETERMINATE)

RBh
A B
DI = 4-3 = 1 degree indeterminacy
C (Or you can use the equation in
determining the degree of
indeterminacy)
RA RC RBv

We cannot calculate directly using equations, and since DI=1, we have to remove
one of the unknown/reaction for our structure to become statically determinate

Procedure 2: Select one of the support reactions as your redundant

 The choice of selecting your redundant is a matter of convenience, provided that the removal of
said redundant/restraint from the given indeterminate structure will result to a primary structure
that is statically determinate and stable
 Let’s take (+) as our assumption for redundant to be correct and (-) if incorrect assumption
***In our example: Let’s select support at C as our redundant

Procedure 3: Remove your selected restraint that corresponds to the redundant from the given
indeterminate structure. (this will result to a determinate structure)

RBh
A B

RA
RC RBv

Procedure 4: Draw your Free body diagram

(A) Sketch deflection of primary structure (load applied)

FIG 01

RBh STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

A B BEAM (with its deflected shape)
C No vertical displacement at supports

RA RC RBv

FIG 02
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
RBh BEAM (with its deflected shape)
A B By removing the support at C we
allowed to displace downward by ΔC
ΔC
@C
Vertical displacement @ C
RA RBv
(due to real load)
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FIG 03

RBh
A B

In FIG 03: Place upward vertical force at C and

RA RBv gradually increase its magnitude, as its
magnitude increases its deflection becomes
smaller.
FIG 04 If the magnitude of the force reaches its
specific value its vertical displacement
becomes zero (See FIG 04)
RBh
Cy is our term for the support reaction at C
A B

RA Cy RBv

(B) Sketch diagram of primary structures with one unit value applied and sketch its deflected
shape

**To indicate that the load as well as the response of the structure is to be multiplied by the redundant
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM (application of unit value with its deflected shape)

FIG 05 (a) Vertical displacement @ C

(Due to unit load)

δC RBh
A B

RA Cy RBv

FIG 05 (b)

δC RBh
A B

RA 1 RBv

FIG 05 (c)

δCCy RBh
A B

RA Cy RBv

Procedure 5: Looking at your diagram in procedure (4) Write your compatibility equation, by setting
the algebraic sum of the deflections or slopes of the primary structure at the location of the redundant
due to its external loading and redundant equal to the given displacement (or rotation) of the
redundant support of the actual indeterminate structure (looking our diagram it is equal to zero)
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See:
FIG 02+ FIG 05 ( c )=FIG 01(compatibility equation)

FIG 02 represents the deflected shape due to its real load when redundant restraint is removed.
FIG 05(c) represents the deflected shape when a redundant is placed
FIG 01 represents the actual deflected shape of the given indeterminate structure.

ΔC + δC ( Cy )=0(compatibility equation)

ΔC
Cy=
δC

Procedure 6: Compute the deflection of the primary structure at the location of the redundant due to
the external loading and due to the unit value of redundant. (Use any of method in solving for
deflection or rotation)

Procedure 7: Substitute the values of deflection (or slope) computed into the compatibility equation.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
PROBLEM 1: Determine the reactions at support of the beam shown below

A
B
I 2I
2m 4m
SOLUTION:
Degree of indeterminacy:
DI =r−( 3+ ec )=4−( 3+ 0 )=1 degree indeterminate

**ec is the internal support like internal hinged or pin

Remove vertical restraint at B:

Physical Free joint
restraint
Force representation
RB (Consider redundant and
assume RB (upward))

Draw the deflected shape of the beam for both indeterminate and determinate (loaded with
applied load and redundant):

(A) STATICALLY
A INDETERMINATE BEAM
B (With its deflected shape)
I
2I
2m 4m
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A (B) BASIC DETERMINATE BEAM

B (Under applied load)

A (C) BASIC DETERMINATE BEAM

B (Loaded with redundant RB)

Replace redundant RB (see fig (C) ) with a unit load

***To indicate that the load as well as the response of the structure it is to be multiplied by the redundant

A
B

Write the condition of geometry: (to find your compatibility equation)

ΔBv =0
ΔBv ( P )−δBv ( RB )=0
ΔBv ( P )
RB=
δBv

Solve for value of ΔBv ( P ), deflection due to applied load and δBv , deflection due to unit load
In this example we will use the Virtual Work Method to solve for the required deflection

FOR ΔBv ( P ):
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x
x

VALUES OF M
A (Due to real load
B under applied load)
C

Represents down

x
x

A VALUES OF Mv
B (Due to virtual work
C under applied load)

Moment Equations (due to virtual work)

SEGMENT X=0 X inclusive Limits I M Mv

+
A A-C 0-2 I 80 x−320 x−6
AC

BC + B B-C 0-4 2I −20 x ( x2 )=−10 x 2

−x
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SOLVING FOR VALUEOF ΔBv ( P )

MMv
ΔBv ( P )=∫ dx
EI
2 4
dx dx
ΔBv ( P )=∫ (¿ 80 x−320)(x−6) +∫ (¿−10 x 2)(−x ) ¿¿
0 EI 0 2 EI

7360 320
ΔBv ( P )= +
3 EI EI

8320
ΔBv ( P )= KN −m3
3 EI

FORδBv :

x
x

A VALUES OF M1
B (Due to real beam
under redundant)

Load causing

x
x

A VALUES OF Mv1
B (Due to virtual
under redundant)

Moment Equations (due to virtual work)

SEGMENT X=0 X inclusive Limits I M Mv

+
A A-C 0-2 I 6−x 6−x
AC

B B-C 0-4 2I x x
BC +
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SOLVING FOR VALUE OF δBv

M 1 Mv 1
δBv =∫ dx
EI
2 4
dx dx
δBv =∫ (¿ 6−x)( 6−x ) +∫ (¿ x )( x) ¿¿
0 EI 0 2 EI
152 32
δBv = +
3 EI 3 EI
184
δBv = KN −m 3 / KN
3 EI

Substitute value of Δ Bv ( P) and δ Bv back to the condition of geometry

ΔBv =0

ΔBv ( P )−δBv ( RB )=0

8320 184
− ( RB )=0
3 EI 3 EI

RB=45.22 KN ( positive means correct assumption for the reaction which∈this case isupward )

Substitute value RB in the original beam to solve for the reaction vertical and Moment at A

A
B
I 2I
2m 4m

Assumed
direction

⅀ Fv=0( assume upward positive) +

RA+ RB−(20)(4 )=0

RA+ 45.22−(20)( 4)=0
RA=34.78 KN (assumed direction is correct )

⅀ M @ A=0(assume clockwise positive) +

( 20 ) ( 4 )( 4 )−RB ( 6 )−MA=0
( 20 ) ( 4 )( 4 )−45.22 ( 6 )−MA =0
MA=48.68 KN −m(assumed directionis correct )
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PROBLEM 2: Determine the reactions at support of the beam shown below using Force Method

10KN 20KN

RAh
A B

RAv RC RB

1m 3.2 m 3m 4m

SOLUTION:
Degree of indeterminacy:
DI =r−( 3+ ec )=4−( 3+ 0 )=1 degree indeterminate

Remove vertical restraint at C:

Physical Free joint
restraint
Force representation
RC (Consider redundant and
assume RB (upward))

Draw the deflected shape of the beam for both indeterminate and determinate (loaded with
applied load and redundant):

10KN 20KN

RAh
A B
(A) STATICALLY
C INDETERMINATE BEAM
(With its deflected shape)
RAv RC RB

1m 3.2 m 3m 4m

10KN 20KN

RAh
A B
(B) BASIC DETERMINATE
BEAM
(Under applied load)
RAv RB

RAh
A B (C) BASIC DETERMINATE
BEAM
(Loaded with redundant RC)
RAv RC RB
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Replace redundant RB (see fig (C) ) with a unit load

***To indicate that the load as well as the response of the structure it is to be multiplied by the redundant

RAh
A B

RAv 1*RC RB

Write the condition of geometry: (to find your compatibility equation)

ΔCv =0
ΔCv ( P )−δCv ( RC ) =0
ΔCv ( P )
RC =
δCv

Solve for value of ΔCv ( P ), deflection due to applied load and δCv , deflection due to unit load
In this example we will use the Virtual Work Method to solve for the required deflection

FOR ΔCv ( P ):

x
x

x
x 10KN 20KN

Rah = 0
A B VALUES OF M
(Due to real load
D C E
under applied load)

RB= 13.75KN
RAv = 16.25KN
1m 3.2 m 3m 4m

x
x

x
x 1

Rah = 0 VALUES OF Mv
A B (Due to virtual work
D C E under applied load)

RB= 0.375KN
RAv = 0.625KN
1m 3.2 m 3m 4m
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Moment Equations (due to virtual work)

SEGMENT X=0 X inclusive Limits I M Mv
+
A A-D 0-1 I 16.25 x 0.625 x
AD
+ 16.25 x−10 ( x−1 )
A D-C 1-4.2 I 0.625 x
DC ¿ 6.25 x+10
B C-E 4-7 I 13.75 x 0.375 x
CE +

13.75 x−20(x−4)
B B-E 0-4 I 0.375 x
EB +
¿ 80−6.25 x

SOLVING FOR VALUE OF ΔCv ( P )

MMv
ΔCv ( P )=∫ dx
EI
1 4.2 7 4
dx dx dx
ΔCv ( P )=∫ (¿ 16.25 x )(0.625 x) +∫ (¿ 6.25 x+10)( 0.625 x ) +∫ (¿ 13.75 x)(0.375 x ) +∫ (¿ 80−6.25 x)(0.375
0 EI 1 EI 4 EI 0
325 883 15345 190
ΔCv ( P )= + + +
96 EI 6 EI 32 EI EI
9841
ΔCv ( P )= KN −m 3
12 EI
FORδCv :
x
x

x
x

Rah = 0 VALUES OF M1
A B (Due to real beam
D C E under redundant)

1 RB= 0.375KN
RAv = 0.625KN
1m 3.2 m 3m 4m

x
x

x
x

Rah = 0 VALUES OF Mv1

A B (Due to virtual under
D E redundant)
C

1 RB= 0.375KN
RAv = 0.625KN
1m 3.2 m 3m 4m
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Moment Equations (due to virtual work)

SEGMENT X=0 X inclusive Limits I M Mv
+
A A-D 0-1 I −0.625 x −0.625 x
AD
+
A D-C 1-4.2 I −0.625 x −0.625 x
DC
B C-E 4-7 I −0.375 x −0.375 x
CE +

B B-E 0-4 I −0.375 x −0.375 x

EB +

SOLVING FOR VALUE OF δCv

M 1 Mv 1
δCv =∫ dx
EI
1 4.2 7 4
dx dx dx
δCv =∫ (¿−0.625 x)(−0.625 x ) +∫ (¿−0.625 x )(−0.625 x) +∫ (¿−0.375 x )(−0.375 x) +∫ (¿−0.375 x )(−0
0 EI 1 EI 4 EI 0
25 571 837 3
δCv = + + +
192 EI 60 EI 64 EI EI
1029
δCv = KN −m3
40 EI

Substitute value of ΔCv ( P) and δ Cv back to the condition of geometry

ΔCv ( P )−δCv ( RC ) =0
9841 1029
− ( RC ) =0
12 EI 40 EI
RC =31.88 KN ( positive means correct assumption for the reaction which∈this case isupward )
Substitute value RC in the original beam to solve for the reaction vertical at A and B

10KN 20KN

RAh
A B
C
RC=31.88KN RB
RAv
1m 3.2 m 3m 4m

⅀ M @ A=0(assume clockwise positive) + ⅀ Fv=0( assume upward positive) +

RA+ RB+ RC −10−20=0
( 10 ) ( 1 )+ ( 20 )( 7.2 ) −RC ( 4.2 )−RB(11.2)=0 RA+1.795+31.88−10−20=0
( 10 ) ( 1 )+ ( 20 )( 7.2 ) −(31.88) ( 4.2 )−RB(11.2)=0 RA=−3.675 KN
RB=1.795 KN (assumed direction is correct) (assumed direction isincorrect RA should be downward)
ASSIGNMENT: Draw the shear and Moment Diagram of Problem 1 and 2 sample problem