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CHAPTER TWO
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND THEIR SELECTIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the
structure to the ground is called foundation.
1
ASTU Fundamental of Foundation
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types: -
a. Spread or Isolated footings
b. Combined footing
c. Cantilever footing
d. Continuous or wall footing
e. Raft foundation
A D
C
b b b
A C D
Plan a a Plan a
Plan
Column Column
Column
Footing
Footing Pedestal
Footing
D D D
b b b
Section A-A Section C-C Section D-D
Single spread footing Stepped spread footing Sloped spread footing
b b1 b2
2
a
a
Plan
Plan
ASTU Fundamental of Foundation
Columns Columns
Footing
Footing
D D
a a
A
A
a1 a2
b1 b2
3
ASTU Fundamental of Foundation
Strap beam
D2
D1
b2
Property line
b1 Section A-A
Columns
A
C
PlanWall Plan
b b
A C
Wall Column
Footing Footing
D D
b
b
Section C-C
Section A.A
Wall on footing Columns on footing
Fig. 3. 4 Continuous or wall footing
Raft Foundation:- A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and supports all the columns. When the allowable soil pressure is
low or the structure loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would cover more than
one-half of the area, and it may prove more economical to use raft foundation. It is also
used where the soil mass contains compressible layers so that the differential settlement
would be difficult to control the raft tends to bridge over the erratic deposits and
eliminates the differential settlement.
4
ASTU Fundamental of Foundation
5
ASTU Fundamental of Foundation
5. To estimate the total and differential settlements of the structure. If these are
excessive the bearing pressure will have to be reduced or the foundation taken
to a deeper and less compressible stratum or the structure will have to be
founded on piles or other special measures taken
2.4.2 Loads on Foundation
An accurate estimation of all loads acting on the foundation should be made before
it can be properly designed. A foundation may be subjected to two or more of the
following loads.
a) Dead load: - - Weight of structure
- All material permanently attached to structure
- Static earth pressure acting permanently against the
structure below ground surface.
- Water pressures acting laterally against basement walls and
vertically against slab.