ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS:
AJAY.S(10102)
AKILESH. M(10103)
DERIN.C(10104)
THARUN KIRUTHIK.S.R(10109)
VISHWANTH.S.G(10110)
YASHVANTH.M.K(10111)

CLASS: X

Sub:Physics

TASK: Multiple Assessment (Survey based

project)

Type of Activity: Group Activity

Topic: Human Eye and its defects

RUBRICS:

1.

2.

3.

4.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge

everyone who has helped us in every stage of this project.
Firstly, I am indebtedly grateful our physics teacher Mrs.
Bosco for her support. I am grateful to our principal Mrs. Alice
Jose for giving us this opportunity. I am thankful to my parents and
friends who have been always helping and encouraging throughout
for the completion of this project.
 HUMAN EYE

The human eye is a sensory organ, part of the sensory nervous system, that reacts to visible
light and allows us to use visual
information for various purposes
including seeing things
and keeping our balance.

Iris
It is colored part of the eye.
It holds the pupil and also adjust the size of pupil according to the intensity of light.

Pupil:
It is black in color and absorbs all the light rays falling on it.
It gets constricted when the intensity of light is high.
It gets expanded when the intensity of light is low.

Ciliary muscles
They hold the lens.
They adjust the focal length of the lens.

Retina :
It is the screen of an eye where image is formed.
It consists of two types of cells:
Cone cells: those cells which respond to colors.
Rod cells: those cells which respond to the intensity of light.

Blind spot: It is that point on the retina where no image is formed.

Optic nerve: A nerve that connects the eye to the brain.

The fluid which is present between cornea and lens is called aqueous humour.
Aqueous humour : It is a watery fluid present in the interior part of the eye and its function
is to protect the exterior part of the eye from collapsing when there is a sudden change in
the atmospheric pressure. Also, it is the fluid that flows out from the eye when we wink our
eyes. So, it washes the eye and also keeps it moist.

The fluid is present between lens and retina and is called vitreous humor.
Vitreous humor: It is a dense jelly – like fluid present in the posterior part of the eye and its
function is to protect the posterior part of the eye from collapsing when there is a sudden change
in the atmospheric pressure. It also helps in focusing the image clearly on the retina.

MYPOIC EYE:

Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically

termed, is a vision condition in which people can see
close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear
blurred.

CAUSES: Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long

or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too
curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't
focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred.

CORRECTION: For most people with myopia, eyeglasses are the primary choice for correction. For this
correction concave lenses were used. Depending on the amount of myopia, you may only need to wear glasses
for certain activities, like watching a movie or driving a car. Or, if you are very nearsighted, you may need
to wear them all the time. Generally, a single-vision lens is prescribed to provide clear vision at all
distances.

Concave lenses: Concave lenses are most commonly used to correct myopia which is also called
nearsightedness. The eyeball of a person suffering from myopia is too long, and the images of faraway objects
fall short of the retina. Therefore, concave lenses are used in glasses which correct the shortfall by spreading out
the light rays before it reaches the eyeball. This enables the person to see far away objects more clearly.

HYPERMETROPIA:

The person suffering from hypermetropia will have difficulty in focusing on nearby objects, but can clearly see distant objects.
Accommodation is the process used to treat hypermetropia without any defects in vision in the early stages.

CAUSES: Hypermetropia is mainly caused due to certain structural defects in the retina. Structural defects
include:

 Small-sized eye-ball
 The cornea is flatter than usual

CORRECTION: Eye-glasses with converging lenses provide

the additional focusing power required for forming the image on
the retina.
CONVEX LENS: Convex lenses are used in spectacles in the case of hypermetropia, commonly known as
long-sightedness. In the case of hypermetropia, the person with this issue has difficulty in seeing clearly the
objects that are close to them. Convex lenses can help by focussing all the incident light, particularly at a point
on the retina, allowing for a much clearer vision. The convex lens decreases the image distance. Since the
incident light is refracted before it enters the eye, the image of close objects is more centered upon the retinal
surface Convex lenses are used in magnifying glasses and telescopes because they have the ability to enlarge an
object when viewed through them.

PRESBYOPIA:

Presbyopia is physiological insufficiency of accommodation associated with the aging of the eye that results
in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects. Also known as age-related farsightedness, it
affects many adults over the age of 40. A common sign of presbyopia is difficulty reading small print which
results in having to hold reading material farther away. Other symptoms associated can
be headaches and eyestrain. It is corrected by Bifocal lens.
MYOPIC, HYPERMETROPIC, PRESBYOPIC EYE
S.No Name Type of defection Age Corrective lens Power

1. Malarkannan Hypermeteropia 48 Convex +1.5D

2. Papayie Presbyopia 75 Bifocal +3D

3. Kabesh Kannan Myopia 15 Concave -4D

4. Rithish Kannan Myopia 12 Concave Left -4D

Right -5D

5. Jovika Myopia 11 Concave -3D

6. Swetha Myopia 18 Concave Left -2D

Right -3D

7. Yashwanth Myopia 14 Concave -3D

8. Dharani Venthan Myopia 12 Concave -2D

9. Gobala kumar Hypermeteropia 47 Convex +2D

10. Barathi Presbyopia 46 Bifocal +5D,-4D

11. Subramani Hypermeteropia 52 Convex +2D

12. Geetha Hypermeteropia 40 Convex +1.5D

13. Vasantha kumar Presbyopia 49 Bifocal -

14. Saravana kumar Myopia 45 Concave -3D

15. Kalaiselvi Presbyopia 59 Bifocal +2

16. Rajammal Presbyopia 69 Bifocal -2D

17. Akilesh Myopia 14 Concave -4D

18. Shanmugam Myopia 54 Concave -5D

19. Vijayalakshmi Myopia 48 Concave -4D

20. Madeswaran Hypermeteropia 47 Convex +1.5D

21. Kaliammal Presbyopia 67 Bifocal -

22. Nandini Myopia 23 Concave -1.5D

Let us take the power of Akilesh to find focal length: the power of Akilesh is -4D
100
P
f (cm)
100
f 
P
100
f 
4
f  25cm

Conclusion: We had seen that many of them is affected with Myopia,

Hypermetropia and Presbyopia. Presbyopia is caused by ageing but Myopia is the
major defects of vision caused among the teenagers, this is because of over using of
mobile phones. It is needed to avoided. Some other eye defects are caused by
accidents.