What are refractive errors?

Refractive errors are a type of vision

problem that makes it hard to see
clearly. They happen when the shape

of your eye keeps light from focusing

correctly on your retina (a light-
sensitive layer of tissue in the back of
your eye).
What are the types of refractive errors?

There are 4 common types of refractive errors:

Nearsightedness (myopia) makes far-away objects look
blurry.
Farsightedness (hyperopia) makes nearby objects look
blurry.
Astigmatism can make far-away and nearby objects look
blurry or distorted.
Presbyopia makes it hard for middle-aged and older adults
to see things up close .
 GROUP B3|NEARSIGHTEDNESS

What is Nearsightedness?

Nearsigthedness is an eye condition in which

you can see nearby objects clearly, but faraway
objects appear fuzzy or blurry. It's also called
Myopia.
Nearsightedness symptoms
 causes

Nearsightedness (Myopia) occurs when the eyeball is too

long or the cornea is too curved. This means that light
coming into the eye will stop in front of the retina, instead of
on it.

The retina uses light to form pictures that it then sends to

the brain. When the light is unable to focus properly on the
retina, the image it creates will appear blurry.

These are immunity inducers.

Types of Nearsigthedness Simple Myopia

(Myopia) In simple myopia, the eye is otherwise healthy. Wearing glasses

or contact lenses can easily correct the issues that a person has
with their vision.

Congenital Myopia
Any degree of Myopia demonstrated at birth, or any
significant degree of myopia found to be present before the
age of 6 years.

Pathological Myopia
People with pathological, or degenerative, myopia will have
additional eye conditions. The eye will also have issues that
affect the retina, such as:lattice degeneration,retinal atrophy,
Forster-Fuchs’ spot.
Treatments
Glasses and contact lenses Orthokeratology Surgery

are the most
Glasses and contact lenses

People with mild forms of myopia may benefit

common treatment options for myopia. An One form of surgery is laser surgery, wherein
from a nonsurgical process called
optometrist will order custom lenses that an eye doctor will use a powerful beam of
orthokeratology, or corneal refractive therapy.
have the right prescription for that person. light to change the shape of the cornea.
This treatment involves wearing a series of
These will fit into the frame of the glasses Laser surgery adjusts how the eye focuses
rigid contact lenses to reshape the cornea.
and correct any nearsightedness. light, meaning that images that were once
These lenses put pressure on the cornea to
Contact lenses are clear discs that sit on the blurry should now be clear.Other forms of
flatten it. This, in turn, changes how light
surface of the eye. Like glasses, contact surgery can involve placing a corrective lens
focuses as it enters the eye.
lenses are also customizable for different inside the eye, either in front of the person’s

prescriptions. lens or in place of it.

 GROUP B3-FARSIGHTEDNESS

What is Farsightedness?

Farsightedness is also an eye condition in which

you can clearly see things that are far away, but
things that are closed up are blurry. The
technical term for Farsightedness is Hyperopia.
 causes

Farsightedness occurs when light is not refracted properly

through an uneven, less smooth cornea or lens. It is a type
of refractive error.
The light rays focus at a point behind the retina, and not
onto it, because of the imperfect shape. They travel to the
back of the retina before they have been bent properly by
the lens and cornea, resulting in blurred vision when objects
are closer.

 Simple hyperopia
Types of Farsigthedness Simple hyperopia is the commonest type. It includes axial and
(Hyperopia) curvature hyperopia due to biological variations in the
development of the eye. It may be hereditary.

Pathological hyperopia

Pathological type is due to congenital or acquired

conditions outside the normal biological variation of
development. It may be: Senile or acquired hyperopia.

Functional hyperopia

It results from paralysis of accommodation as is seen in

patients with third intracranial nerve palsy and internal
ophthalmoplegia.
 Treatments
Corrective lenses Refractive surgery

Most younger people with hyperopia do not need

Refractive surgery is normally used for nearsightedness, or
corrective lenses because they can compensate by
myopia, but it can also treat hyperopia.
focusing on nearer objects.However, by the age of 40
years, when the lenses are less flexible, most people with
Examples include:
long-sightedness need corrective lenses.
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
There are two primary types of corrective lens: Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK)
Eyeglasses: These may include bifocals, trifocals, and Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
standard reading glasses.
Contact lenses: Various types of contact lens are

available, with differing levels of softness and

intended duration of wear.

 GROUP B3|GLAUCOMA

What is Gluacoma?

Glaucoma is a condition that damages your eye's

optic nerve. It's often linked to a build up of
pressure inside your eye and it increases
overtime if not not treated.
 Symptoms
Most people with open-angle glaucoma don’t have
symptoms. If symptoms do develop, it’s usually late in
the disease. That’s why glaucoma is often called the
"sneak thief of vision." The main sign is usually a loss of
side, or peripheral, vision.
Symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma usually come on
faster and are more obvious. Damage can happen
quickly. If you have any of these symptoms, get
medical care right away:
Seeing halos around lights
Vision loss
Redness in your eye
Eye that looks hazy (particularly in infants)
Upset stomach or vomiting
Eye pain
 causes

-Glaucoma is the result of the damage to the optic nerve. As

this nerve gradually deteriorates, blind spots develop in your
visual field.
-The fluid inside your eyes, called aqueous humor, usually
flows out of your eye through a mesh-like channel. If this
channel gets blocked, or the eye is producing too much
liquid builds up and causes your Glaucoma.
-Less common causes of Glaucoma include a blunt or
chemical injury to your eye, severe eye infection, blocked
blood vessels inside your eye, and inflammatory conditions.

 Types of Glaucoma

Open-angle Angle-closure Secondary Normal-tension Pigmentary

glaucoma glaucoma glaucoma glaucoma glaucoma

This is the most Your eye doesn’t drain This is when another This is when you With this form, tiny
common type.The like it should because condition, like cataracts have blind spots in bits of pigment from
drain structure in your the drain space or diabetes, causes your vision or your your iris, the colored
eye (called the between your iris and added pressure in your optic nerve is part of your eye, get
trabecular meshwork) cornea becomes too eye. damaged even into the fluid inside
looks fine, but fluid narrow. This can cause though your eye your eye and clog
doesn’t flow out like it a sudden buildup of pressure is within the drainage canals.
should. pressure in your eye. the average range.
 Treatments

The damage caused by Glaucoma can't be reversed. But

treatment and regular checkups can help slow or prevent
vision loss, especially if you catch the disease in its early
stage.
Glaucoma is treated by lowering your eye pressure
( intraocular pressure). Depending on your situation, your
options include prescription eyedrops, oral medications,
laser treatment, surgery or a combination of any of these.
thank you!