Pointers

 Electricity is a form of energy made up of charges that can produce light, heat, or motion.
 Current The flow of electric charges carried through a material such as wire or other conductors.
 Conductor Any material that allows electric charges to move through it.
 Insulator Materials that do not allow electric charges to flow freely through them.
 Renewable energy A resource which can be used repeatedly and replace naturally.
 Hydroelectric energy Refers to a moving water that spins the generator to create electricity.
 Biomass A renewable source of energy that come from the plants and animals.
 Static electricity Electric charges developed on the surface of materials due to friction of two objects that have
different charges.
 Dynamic The flow of electric charge through a conductor.
 Magnetism Electricity that is produced by generators uses this method.
 Switch A tool to open and close a circuit
 Series circuit Involves two or more devices connected to one single path.
 The electrical push which the cell gives to the current is called voltage.
 Passive Electrical components that do not have gain or directionality.
 Capacitor store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors called plates.
 Inductor Electrical components that use magnetism.
 Active Electrical components that have gain or directionality.
 Resistance The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor’s terminal to the intensity of current through the
circuit.
 Inductance The tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current following through it.
 A transformer is an electrical device that use electromagnetic induction to pass an alternating current signal from
one circuit to another.
 Alternating current A method in with the positive and negative sides are constantly switched periodically and the
direction of the flow of electricity changes accordingly.
 Integrated circuit The fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices.
 Diodes Are commonly connected to inductors in order to prevent voltage spikes in case of abrupt power loss.
 Emitter It is also known as the transistor’s negative lead.
 Base The terminal that activates the transistor.
 Collector The transistor’s positive lead.
 According to Faraday’s law when the current flows through a conductor, it generates magnetic field around the
conductor.
 Symbol of inductance is represented by letter (L).
 Unit or measurement of inductance is (H).
 Direct current It refers to the flow of electricity obtained from batteries, solar cells, etc.
 Power The backbone of any electronic system and the power supply is what feeds the system.
 Power supply Its main purpose is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and
frequency to power the load.
 Power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters.
 Alternating current It means the current constantly changes direction.
 Feedback circuit Helps in sensing the variations in the output DC voltage.
 Direct current It is generated by electrons flowing in only one direction.
 Voltage regulator A device or a circuit that is responsible for providing a steady DC Voltage to an electronic load.
 A transistor is connected in series with the load, then it is known as a series voltage regulators.
 Linear voltage regulator the variable conductivity of the active pass element is responsible for regulating the
output voltage.
The Basic Power Supply, View A of the figure below shows the block diagram of a basic power supply. Many power
supplies are made up of four basic sections: a transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and a regulator
Types of Power Supply
 Linear power supplies are used when precise regulation and the removal of noise is most important.
 Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) are more complicated to construct but have greater versatility in polarity
and, if designed properly, can have an efficiency of 80% or more.
 Battery-based power is a third type of power supply and is essentially a mobile energy storage unit.
Different Types of Voltage Regulator
 Linear voltage regulator, the variable conductivity of the active pass element is responsible for regulating the
output voltage.
 Switching Voltage Regulators - the complexity of the design of switching power supply is very high. due to
frequent switching of the transistor and as a result the transistor current, there exists a high interference and noise.