Experiment # 1

Introduction with Equipments

Objective:

To make an introduction with the equipment which are used in this lab

Definition of Electrical Engineering:

Electrical engineering is a technical discipline concerned with the study, design and
application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics, and
electromagnetism

Digital Multi-Meter:

A digital multi-meter is a test tool used to measure

two or more electrical values principally voltage
(volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a
standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the
electrical/electronic industries.

Volt-Meter:

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical

potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.
Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion
to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a
numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital
converter.

Ammeter:
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the
current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes,
hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents,
in the mill ampere or microampere range, are designated as millimeters or micro
ammeters

Ohmmeter:
An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical
resistance, the opposition to an electric current. Micro-ohmmeters
make low resistance measurements. Mega ohmmeters measure
large values of resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance
is ohms.

Frequency meter:
A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of
a periodic electrical signal. Various types of frequency meters are
used. Many are instruments of the deflection type, ordinarily
used for measuring low frequencies but capable of being used
for frequencies as high as 900 Hz.

Wattmeter:
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or
the supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.
Electromagnetic watt meters are used for measurement of utility
frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for
radio frequency measurements

Electricity meter:
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy
meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy
consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered
device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers'
premises for billing purposes.
Resistive Load:
Resistive loads are typically used to convert current into forms of
energy such as heat. Unlike inductive loads, resistive
loads generate no magnetic fields. Common examples include most
electrical heaters, and traditional incandescent lighting loads.

Inductive Load:
Inductive Loads, also called Lagging Loads or Inductive
Load Banks or Inductive Reactive Loads or Power Factor Loads,
are AC loads that are predominantly inductive in nature so that
the alternating current lags behind the alternating voltage when

the current flows into the load.

Capacitive Load:
A 'Capacitive Load' is a load that has capacitive (i.e. negative)
reactance at the frequency of operation. ... For example, a BJT
common-collector output stage with a capacitive load is slew-
rate limited if it tries to reduce output more quickly than the
resistive load can discharge the capacitance.

DC Power supply:
A DC (direct current) power
supply convert’s electrical energy in the form delivered by
the power company to a form required by some device. DC
power supplies are usually designed to supply energy at a
certain voltage and current.

Step up transformer:
A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to
secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary
winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. Conversely,
a transformer designed to do just the opposite is called
a step-down transformer.
Step down transformer;
A Step down Transformer is a device which converts
high primary voltage to a low secondary voltage. In
a Step down Transformer, the primary winding of a coil
has more turns than the secondary winding. Figure 1
below shows the winding representation of a
typical Step-Down Transformer.

Center trapped transformer:

A center tapped full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which
uses a center tapped transformer and two diodes to convert the
complete AC signal into DC signal. A center tap (additional
wire) connected at the exact middle of the secondary winding
divides the input voltage into two parts.

Auto transformer:
An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one
winding. The "auto" prefix refers to the single coil acting alone,
not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer,
portions of the same winding act as both the primary and
secondary sides of the transformer.

Motor and Generator:

A motor–generator is a device for converting electrical power

to another form. Motor–generator sets are used to convert
frequency, voltage, or phase of power. They may also be used
to isolate electrical loads from the electrical power supply
line.
Series circuit:
A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged
in a chain, so the current has only one path to take. The
current is the same through each resistor.

Parallel circuit:
A parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current
divides into two or more paths before recombining to
complete the circuit. Each load connected in a separate path
receives the full circuit voltage, and the total circuit current
is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.

Breadboard:
Breadboard is a solder less device for temporary prototype
with electronics and test circuit designs. Most electronic
components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by
inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and then
making connections through wires where appropriate.

Cathode ray oscilloscope:

A cathode ray oscilloscope is a very fast X-Y plotter that
can display an input signal versus time or other
signal. Cathode ray oscilloscopes use luminous spots
which are produced by striking the beam of electrons and
this luminous spot moves in response variation in the input
quantity

Function Generator:
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test
equipment or software used to generate different types of
electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of
the most common waveforms produced by the function
generator are the sine wave, square wave, triangular wave