Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes

Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica

Carrera Ingeniería Electrónica
Algebra Lineal

Ejercicios de Sistema de Ecuaciones Lineales

Alumnos:
Antele Muñoz Bruno Emmanuel
Morales Villaseñor Julio Israel
Ibarra Campos Francisco Javier
Número de Control: 20151315
Maestra: Alejandra Espinoza Guzmán
Aguascalientes, Ags, 23 de noviembre del 2021
Método de la matriz inversa(por el método de la adjunta)
2𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −1𝑥3 = 3
4) {3𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 6
7𝑥1 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 13

2 2 −1
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 [3 −1 1]
7 −2 2

2 2 −1
3 −1 1
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡 = |7 −2 2 || = (2)(−1)(2) + (3)(−2)(−1) + (7)(2)(1)
2 2 −1
3 −1 1

− (−1)(−1)(7) − (1)(−2)(2) − (2)(2)(3) = 4 + 6 + 14 − 7 + 4 − 12

= 24 − 23 = 1

−1 1
𝑨𝟏𝟏 = (+) | | = (−1)(2) − (1)(−2) = (+)(−2 + 2) = (+)(0) = 0
−2 2
3 1
𝑨𝟏𝟐 = ( − ) | | = (3)(2) − (1)(7) = (−)(6 − 7) = (−)(− 1) = 1
7 2
3 −1
𝑨𝟏𝟑 = (+) | | = (3)(−2) − (−1)(7) = (+)(−6 + 7) = (+)(1) = 1
7 −2
2 1
𝑨𝟐𝟏 = ( − ) | | = (2)(2) − (1)(−2) = (−)(4 − 2) = (−)(2) = −2
−2 2
2 −1
𝑨𝟐𝟐 = (+) | | = (2)(2) − (−1)(7) = (+)(4 + 7) = (+)(11) = 11
7 2
2 2
𝑨𝟐𝟑 = ( − ) | | = (2)(−2) − (2)(7) = (−)(−4 − 14) = (−)(−18) = 18
7 −2
2 −1
𝑨𝟑𝟏 = (+) | | = (2)(1) − (−1)(−1) = (+)(2 − 1) = (+)(1) = 1
−1 1
2 −1
𝑨𝟑𝟐 = ( − ) | | = (2)(1) − (−1)(3) = (−)(2 + 3) = (−)(5) = −5
3 1
2 2
𝑨𝟑𝟑 = (+) | | = (2)(−1) − (2)(3) = (+)(−2 − 6) = (+)(−8) = −8
3 −1
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 = [−𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟖 ]
𝟏 −𝟓 −𝟖
 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = (𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔)𝑻 = [𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟓]
𝟏 𝟏𝟖 −𝟖

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = (𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟓) = (𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟓)
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟖 −𝟖 𝟏 𝟏𝟖 −𝟖
𝒙𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏
𝒙
[ 𝟐 ] = [𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟓] ∗ [ 𝟔 ] = [𝟑 𝟔𝟔 −𝟔𝟓 = 𝟒]
𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟖 −𝟖 𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟏𝟎𝟒 = 𝟕

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
Método por la regla de Cramer (Kramer)
2𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −1𝑥3 = 3
4) {3𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 6
7𝑥1 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 13

2 2 −1
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 [3 −1 1]
7 −2 2

2 2 −1
3 −1 1
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ) = |7 −2 2 || = (2)(−1)(2) + (3)(−2)(−1) + (7)(2)(1)
2 2 −1
3 −1 1

−(−1)(−1)(7) − (1)(−2)(2) − (2)(2)(3) = 4 + 6 + 14 − 7 + 4 − 12

= 24 − 23 = 1

3 2 −1
6 −1 1
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥1 ) = |13 −2 2 || = (3)(−1)(2) + (6)(−2)(−1) + (13)(2)(1)
3 2 −1
6 −1 1
− (−1)(−1)(13) − (1)(−2)(3) − (2)(2)(6) = −6 + 12 + 26 − 13 + 6 − 24
= 44 − 43 = 1

2 3 −1
3 6 1
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥2 ) = |7 13 2 || = (2)(6)(2) + (3)(13)(−1) + (7)(3)(1)
2 3 −1
3 6 1

−(−1)(6)(7) − (1)(13)(2) − (2)(3)(3) = 24 − 39 + 21 + 42 − 26 − 18

= 87 − 83 = 4

2 2 3
3 −1 6
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥3 ) = |7 −2 13|| = (2)(−1)(13) + (3)(−2)(3) + (7)(2)(6)
2 2 3
3 −1 6

−(3)(−1)(7) − (6)(−2)(2) − (13)(2)(3) = −26 − 18 + 84 + 21 + 24 − 78

= 129 − 122 = 7

1 4 7
𝑥1 = = 1 𝑥2 = = 4 𝑥3 = = 7
1 1 1

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
Método de Gauss.

2𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −1𝑥3 = 3

4) {3𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 6
7𝑥1 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 13

1 1 1 1
2 2 -1 3 1 2 ( ) 2( ) -1 ( ) 3( )
(3 -1 1| 6 ) R1 ( ) ≈ ( 2 2 2 | 2 )
2 3 -1 1 6
7 -2 2 13
7 -2 2 13
 1 3
1 1 -
1 3 2 2
1 1 - | 1
( 2| 2 ) R1 (-3) + R 2 ≈ 0 -4
5 3
R 2 (- ) ≈
3 -1 1 6 R1 (-7) + R 2 2| 2 4
7 -2 2 13 11 5
(0 -9
2 2)

1 3 1 3
1 1 - 1 1 -
2 2 2 2
|
5| 3 5 3 8
0 1 - - R 2 (9) + R 3 ≈ 0 1 - - R 3 (- )
8| 8 8| 8 1
11 5 1 7
(0 -9 (0 0 - - )
2 2) 8 8

1 3
1 1 -
2 2
5|| 3
0 1 - -
8 8
(0 0 1 7)

Ecuaciones:
1 3
x1 + x2 − x3 = 𝐸𝑐. 1
2 2
5 3
x2 − x3 = − 𝐸𝑐. 2
8 8
x3 = 7

𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 x3 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑐. 2 Sustituyendo x2 = 4 y x3 = 7 Ec. 1

5 3 1 3
x 2 − (7) = − x1 + (4) − (7) =
8 8 2 2

35 3 7 3
x2 − =− x1 + 4 − =
8 8 2 2
3 35 3 7 10
x2 = − + x1 = -4 + == -4 = 5-4
8 8 2 2 2
x2 = 4 x1 = 1
 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
Método de Gauss-Jordan.

2𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −1𝑥3 = 3

4) {3𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 6
7𝑥1 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 13

1 1 1 1
2 2 -1 3 1 2 ( ) 2( ) -1 ( ) 3( )
(3 -1 1| 6 ) R1 ( ) ≈ ( 2 2 2 | 2 )
2 3 -1 1 6
7 -2 2 13
7 -2 2 13

1 3
1 1 -
1 3 2 2
1 1 -
2| 2 ) R1 (-3) + R 2 ≈ 5| 3 1
( 0 -4 R 2 (- ) ≈
3 -1 1 6 R1 (-7) + R 3 2| 2 4
7 -2 2 13 11 5
(0 -9
2 2)

1 3 1 15
1 1 - 1 0
2 2 8 8
5| 3 R 2 (-1) + R1 5| 3 8
0 1 - - ≈ 0 1 - - R 3 (- )
8| 8 R 2 (9) + R 3 8| 8 1
11 5 1 7
(0 -9
2 2) (0 0 -
8
- )
8

1 15 1
1 0
8 8 R 3 (- 8) + R1 1 0 0 1
5|| 3 ≈ (0 1 0| 4)
0 1 - - 5
8 8 R 3 ( 8) + R 2 0 0 1 7
(0 0 1 7)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
Método de la matriz inversa(por el método de la adjunta)
1𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 4
5) {1𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 2
1𝑥1 +1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 3

1 2 1
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 [1 −1 2]
1 1 1

1 2 1
1 −1 2
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡 = |1 1 1|| = (1)(−1)(1) + (1)(1)(1) + (1)(2)(2)
1 2 1
1 −1 2

− (1)(−1)(1) − (2)(1)(1) − (1)(2)(1) = -1 + 1 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 6-5 = 1

−1 2
𝑨𝟏𝟏 = (+) | | = (−1)(1) − (2)(1) = (+)(−1-2) = (+)(-3) = −3
1 1
1 2
𝑨𝟏𝟐 = ( − ) | | = (1)(1) − (2)(1) = (−)(1 − 2) = (−)(− 1) = 1
1 1
1 −1
𝑨𝟏𝟑 = (+) | | = (1)(1) − (−1)(1) = (+)(1 + 1) = (+)(2) = 2
1 1
2 1
𝑨𝟐𝟏 = ( − ) | | = (2)(1) − (1)(1) = (−)(2 − 1) = (−)(1) = −1
1 1
1 1
𝑨𝟐𝟐 = (+) | | = (1)(1) − (1)(1) = (+)(1-1) = (+)(0) = 0
1 1
1 2
𝑨𝟐𝟑 = ( − ) | | = (1)(1) − (2)(1) = (−)(1-2) = (−)(−1) = 1
1 1
2 1
𝑨𝟑𝟏 = (+) | | = (2)(2) − (1)(−1) = (+)(4 + 1) = (+)(5) = 5
−1 2
1 1
𝑨𝟑𝟐 = ( − ) | | = (1)(2) − (1)(1) = (−)(2-1) = (−)(1) = −1
1 2
1 2
𝑨𝟑𝟑 = (+) | | = (1)(−1) − (2)(1) = (+)(−1 − 2) = (+)(−3) = −3
1 −1
-3 1 2
𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 = [−1 0 1]
5 −1 −3
 -3 −1 5
𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = (𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒛 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔)𝑻 = [ 1 0 -1 ]
2 1 −3
𝟏 𝟏 -3 −1 5 -3 −1 5
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = ( 1 0 −1) = ( 1 0 −1)
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝟏
2 1 −3 2 2 −3
𝒙𝟏 -3 −1 5 4 -12 −2 15 = 𝟏
[𝒙 𝟐 ] = [ 1 0 −1] ∗ [2] = [ 4 0 −3 = 1]
𝒙𝟑 2 1 −3 3 8 2 −9 = 1
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
Método por la regla de Cramer (Kramer)
1𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 4
5) {1𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 2
1𝑥1 +1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 3

1 2 1
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 [1 −1 2]
1 1 1

1 2 1
1 −1 2
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ) = |1 1 1|| = (1)(−1)(1) + (1)(1)(1) + (1)(2)(2)
1 2 1
1 −1 2

− (1)(−1)(1) − (2)(1)(1) − (1)(2)(1) = -1 + 1 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 6-5 = 1

4 2 1
2 −1 2
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥1 ) = |3 1 1|| = (4)(−1)(1) + (2)(1)(1) + (3)(2)(2)
4 2 1
2 −1 2

− (1)(−1)(3) − (2)(1)(4) − (1)(2)(2) = −4 + 2 + 12 + 3-8 − 4 = 17 − 16

=1
 1 4 1
1 2 2
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥2 ) = ||1 3 1|| = (1)(2)(1) + (1)(3)(1) + (1)(4)(2)
1 4 1
1 2 2

−(1)(2)(1) − (2)(3)(1) − (1)(4)(1) = 2 + 3 + 8-2 − 6 − 4 = 13 − 12 = 1

1 2 4
1 −1 2
|
𝑑𝑒𝑡(Δ𝑥3 ) = |1 1 3|| = (1)(−1)(3) + (1)(1)(4) + (1)(2)(2)
1 2 4
1 −1 2

−(4)(−1)(1) − (2)(1)(1) − (3)(2)(1) = −3 + 4 + 4 + 4-2 − 6 = 12 − 11 = 1

1 1 1
𝑥1 = = 1 𝑥2 = = 1 𝑥3 = = 1
1 1 1

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
Método de Gauss.
1𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 4
5) {1𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 2
1𝑥1 +1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 3

1 2 1 4 R (-1) + R 1 2 1 4 1
1 2
(1 -1 2| 2 ) ≈ ( 0 -3 1| -2) R 2 (- )
R (-1) + R 3 3
1 1 1 3 1 0 -1 0 -1

1 2 1 4
1 2 1 4 1 2
1 2 0 1 - | 3
(0 1 - | ) R 2 (1) + R 3 ≈ 3| 3 R 3 (- ) ≈
3 3 1 1 1
0 -1 0 -1 0 0 - -
( 3 3)

1 2 1 4
1 2
(0 1 - | )
3 3
0 0 1 1
Ecuaciones:

x1 + 2x2 + 1x3 = 4 𝐸𝑐. 1

1 2
x2 − x3 = 𝐸𝑐. 2
3 3
x3 = 1

𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 x3 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑐. 2 Sustituyendo x2 = 1 y x3 = 1 Ec. 1

1 2
x2 − (1) = x1 + 2(1) + 1(1) = 4
3 3
1 2
x2 − = x1 + 2 + 1 = 4
3 3
2 1
x2 = + x1 = 4 − 2 − 1
3 3
x2 = 1 x1 = 1
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
Método de Gauss-Jordan.
1𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 4
5) {1𝑥1 −1𝑥2 +2𝑥3 = 2
1𝑥1 +1𝑥2 +1𝑥3 = 3

1 2 1 4 R (-1) + R 1 2 1 4 1
1 2
(1 -1 2| 2) ≈ (0 -3 2| -2) R 2 (- )
R1 (-1) + R 3 3
1 1 1 3 0 -1 0 -1

5 8
1 0
1 2 1 4 3 3
1 2 R 2 (-2) + R1 1| 2 3
≈ (0 1 - | - ) ( ) ≈ 0 1 - R 3 (- )
3 3 R 2 -1 + R 3 3| 3 1
0 -1 0 -1 1 1
(0 0 - - )
3 3
 5 8 5
1 0
3| 3 R 3 (- 3) + R1 1 0 0 1
≈ 1 2 ≈ (0 1 0| 1)
0 1 - | 1
0 0 1 1
3 3 R3 ( ) + R2
(0 0 1 1) 3

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
∴ 𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠 {𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏