POSTPARTUM psychiatric disorders

 Three categories: postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis,

postpartum depression
 300-450/1000 mothers blues
 0.89-2.6/1000 births psychosis within 4weeks
 100-150/1000 depression
 EPDS: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
 A total of 32 studies reported risk factors for postpartum
depression. The risk factors most commonly reported were
financial difficulties (in 19 out of 21 studies that included
this variable), domestic violence (6/8 studies), past history
of psychiatric illness in the mother (8/11 studies), marital
conflict (10/14 studies), lack of support from the husband
(7/11 studies) and birth of a female baby (16/25 studies).
Other commonly reported risk factors were lack of support
from the family network (8/14 studies), recent stressful life
event (6/11 studies), family history of psychiatric illness
(7/13 studies), sick baby or death of the baby (6/13
studies) and substance abuse by the husband (4/9 studies).
 Preterm or low birth-weight baby, high parity, low
maternal education, current medical illness, complication
in current pregnancy and unwanted or unplanned
pregnancy and previous female child, were some of the
other reported risk factorshe pooled prevalence of
postpartum depression in India in our meta-analysis was
22%
 he pooled prevalence of postpartum depression in India in
our meta-analysis was 22%
  found relatively higher pooled proportion of postpartum
depression in mothers residing in urban than in rural areas.
This may be due to factors such as overcrowding,
inadequate housing, breakdown of traditional family
structures leading to fragmented social support systems,
increased work pressure, high cost of living and increased
out-of-pocket expenditure on health care.
 found a slightly higher proportion of postpartum
depression in mothers who were aged > 25 years compared
with those aged ≤ 25 years.
 highest prevalence in the southern regions. The southern
parts of the country have high literacy rates, which could
lead to increased awareness about this health issue and
therefore increased care-seeking.
 We found that the number of studies on postpartum
depression has seen an upward trend in the last five years.
There were 26 published studies between 2011‒2016,
compared with six each in the periods 2000‒2005 and
2006‒2010.

Diff in the emotional and social development of adolescent girl and

boys with lower level of parental education level

Impact of parents education level on emotional and social

development of adolescent girl and boys
GASLIGHTING

George Cukor’s 1944 film Gaslight

Women gaslighting women: an analysis of existing

relationship among women and its impact on their long
term mental health in North Indian Society.
 Why women criticize women more(than men) although belonging
to the same gender.
 public gaslighting is especially effective in manipulating women
into second-guessing their views about things that men do to
women, for it targets at once all the women who witness it
 its impact on adolescent girls’ understanding of what constitutes
ill treatment to them by various members of the society
 struggle with the disquiet of believing “deep down” that the
woman in question was unjustly treated but also believing that
she is perhaps making a big deal out of nothing or that the boys
should be allowed to make one mistake.
 They are tempted to laugh or express outrage along with others
when women make allegations of mistreatment, yet they also feel
a nagging discomfort in doing so. In short, they are afflicted with
doubt about their own moral judgments in matters of gender
relation
 this state of mind is a mark of psychological oppression. According
to Sandra Bartky, “to be psychologically oppressed is to be
weighed down in your mind.”
 Bartky discusses three practices directed at women that instill in
them a sense of inferiority: stereotyping, cultural domination, and
 sexual objectification Gaslighting, I claim, fits this picture and so
qualifies as fourth mode of psychological oppression.
 . It causes women to see themselves as inferior both in their
ability to make sound judgments but also in their moral status.
 Suppose a woman is manipulated into believing that sexual
harassment is merely flirting and that her dislike of it is a sign of
immaturity.45 As a consequence she puts up with it, ignoring her
discomfort, and even sometimes criticizes other women who
complain about it.
 She implies that she and other women are the kinds of beings for
whom such treatment is fitting. Furthermore, because gaslighting
tells women directly that their complaints are not credible
because they arise from a defect in them, women are bound to
believe that they are indeed defective—that their negative
feelings are caused by a personal flaw rather than the conduct of
men
 ----------THE MONIST------------

Robin Stern’s

bestselling 2007 book The Gaslight Effect was

released in 2018, a

Barton and Whitehead are thought to have

coined “gaslighting” in a 1969 Lancet paper

that analyzed involuntary hospitalization as a

form of abuse.