mirror, T.V.

screen, glass

light travels in a straight line.

light travels at the fastest speed.

glass, mirrors unpolished wood, concrete

natural artificial

sunlight, tube light, laser

When they walked on the moon, they cast a
shadow.

It looks dark.

mirror/glass

eflected
 Shadows are formed when an object blocks light.

made when we stand in

front of light
 very reliable

blurred/grey

white/bright

torch, bottle, pencils, book, pen, eraser

it will be dark
torch

such objects will

dark shadows are good look black to our
eyes.

true

true
the shadow gets bigger

false

false
glass, polished metals

the left side of the object is on the right side in the mirror

the right side of the object is on the left side in the mirror
 walls

if too much light reflects, it can damage our eyes

to see around the room

so that people from outside cannot see inside the building

glass windows
moonlight is reflecting from the water and reaching the
person's eyes

it is reflecting the sun's light to us.

the ray of light will get reflected from the mirror

light from the surrounding bounces

from the mirror and reaches our
eyes
incident ray

reflected ray

angle of incidence

angle of reflection
 disc looks white

leaves absorb other colours and reflect only

green.

these objects are reflecting all colors of light.

these objects are absorbing all colours of light.

 we can see red, because the object
absorbs light of all other colors, and it is
reflecting light of red color.

daytime
light of all colours mixed together make white light.

red light is reflected and light of other colours are absorbed

in daylight, the blue top fully reflects blue light. but when it gets dark, the top is
reflecting lesser amount of blue light.
in the dark
Our eyes are not a source of light, they
catch the light from outside. We know this
because we do not see a bright flash in front
of us all the time.

He is keeping his hand in front of the wall,

then he turns on the light. His opaque hand is
blocking the light from reaching the wall.
light from the house hits the glass of the
office block and get reflected, after which it
reaches the boy's eyes

all the other colours will hit the car and get
absorbed.

angle of incidence
the pan/somebody's hand might burn

steam is coming out of the kettle

it will change to steam and go up in the air

 the sun's heat reaches more places in the shirt when it is laid out flat

in hot weather, water vapour is made quickly

wind will take water vapour away from the clothes

cotton, silk, jute, linen, wool

dip in water
water vapour

hang separately under the sun, place them

under a fan or near a heater
the water vapour goes up in the air

same color, same size, same thickness

Pepsi, phenyl, perfume, alcohol, vanilla essence

 the particles hold onto each other.

solids are hard and durable.

solid - cake, chocolate, apple

liquid - juice, water, alcohol
gas - oxygen, air, hydrogen

the liquid particles can slide past each other

and over the shape of their container. hence,
they will take the shape of their container.
because the particles are arranged far apart, there are lots of empty spaces between them, so we can
reduce the empty space by squashing the gas
no

yes

no

yes
steam comes from boiling water as when the
temperature increases the particles move
faster

to provide energy to the particles to move

faster
steam can move turbines to make electricity

global warming

gaseous form of water

from a boiling pot of water, hot springs, while
pouring hot water, when a wet thing gets hot
very quickly

we get to see small drops of water

otherwise, it will burn our hand

 cold mirror ----> condensation happens
warm mirror -----> no condensation

we need low temperatures for condensation

SAME amount of water
measure the height
keep them under the SAME air
SAME amount of light
SAME temperature
SAME height of plants
SAME type of plants

breathing out in cold weather, on a container

that we have just taken out from the fridge, on yes, so that
the lid when steam touches it the errors are
reduced

by using tissue
paper

put a lid on the pan

10-20

by repeating the experiment

1 000 000 000 1 000 kg = 1 ton

130 000 000 000 000 kg

condensation
sun

rain clouds
evaporation

sea

river

sun

evaporate water vapour

water clouds

rain water cycle

 drops of water sliding down

water vapour in air gets condensed

to drops of water
 Arica, Aswan

Arica, Aswan, Al'Kufra

Lloro
 the finger feels a bit cooler

water vapour in
breath condenses

water vapour in breath does

not condense

condensation

true

true

false

false
boiling water

bath water

hot coffee

hot tap water

fridge

ice

freezer
 around 10 deg C

37 deg C
heat some water and dip a
thermometer in it because the water will not be able to flow or
the pipes might break.
picture
in what ways we should be safe

correct

below 0 deg C

ice, chocolate, ice-cream, wax

 melting point boiling point
solid liquid gas

it is melting water, diesel

candle wax
chocolate
salt
copper
iron
keep the ice-lolly in a freezer

oxygen

we can measure the boiling point at different

points on the mountain
 melting point is the temperature at which
something changes from solid to liquid thick, oily liquids have a higher boiling point
and thin, watery liquids have a lower boiling
point.

Boiling point is the temperature at which

something changes from liquid to gas.

1 500 C

900 C

oily

waxy

iron
watery
 silver

1 100 C

1 400

out of your control

in your control standing side
sleeping side 11 boxes - 111 C
11 boxes - 3 samples 1 box - 3 C or 5 C
5 or 6 boxes - 1 sample
 so that we can drink it and use it for washing

underground
 we will boil the samples and
check their boiling points.

source of heat, amount of sample

steam will come out, thermometer will stop at a fixed temperature

amount of sample
source of heat

to show and study the patterns in the

investigation data

100 deg C

0 deg C
 sea water is a solution of salts and water.

milk and banana (banana milkshake),

fruit/vegetable juices, milk tea, sugar water
 temperature of water should be same

so that it is a fair investigation.

soluble solid + liquid ----> solution
the water evaporates
 by sieving

pick different solids by hand

soluble

sugar, salt, coffee, baking powder

insoluble

chalk, rice, beans, sand

 sieving the tea leaves out of the milk tea
separate the cream from milk
separate curd from buttermilk

sieve use magnets

false

false

true
 the water will evaporate

the water evaporates into air

salt
1 260 000 000 000 000 000 000 l

by using filter paper and funnel

soluble

insoluble
by boiling the solution

use a weighing scale

use the same
amount of solution
for each sample heat the mixture

heat it till the solvent evaporates

 the steam has no other place to go and the
surface is cooler

100 deg C
evaporation and condensation

it means that the clothes are drying.

solid, liquid, gas

 salt water 20 ml spice water
samples - independent variable
i want to compare their boiling points boiling point - dependent variable

20 ml 20 ml amount of sample - variable to

sugar water
pure water 20 ml control

true

false

false

dissolved

water and caffeine, water and sugar

the liquid will be hot and it will start boiling

cotton

the liquid will be cold and it will start freezing

solid will get hot, lose it's shape and will start
melting
 the seeds are formed from the watermelon flowers and they
are used to reproduce
to improve the chances of reproducing

no, because the seeds are very small

and can get easily destroyed
 walnut
peanuts almond
apricot seed

pecan nuts hazelnut cashew nut brazil nuts

pistachio